The Spin-Kinetic Temperature Coupling and the Heating Rate due to Lyman Alpha Scattering before Reionization: Predictions for 21cm Emission and Absorption

Abstract

We investigate the interaction of Lyman alpha photons produced by the first stars in the universe with the intergalactic medium (IGM) prior to reionization. The background Lyman alpha spectral profile is obtained by solving a Fokker-Planck equation. Accurate values of the heating and scattering rates, and the spin-kinetic temperature coupling coefficient, are presented. We show that the heating rate induced by the Lyman alpha scatterings is much lower than found previously, and is basically negligible. The dominant heating source is most likely the X-rays from the first ionizing sources, which are able to penetrate into the atomic medium. The scattering of Lyman alpha photons couples the hydrogen spin temperature to the kinetic temperature. If the first ionizing sources in the universe did not emit significant X-rays, the spin temperature would be rapidly brought down to the very low gas kinetic temperature, and a 21cm absorption signal against the CMB larger than 100 mK would be predicted. However, we argue that sufficient X-rays are likely to have been emitted by the first stellar population, implying that the gas kinetic temperature should rapidly increase, turning a reduced and brief absorption signal into emission, with a smaller amplitude of about 10 mK. The detection of the 21cm absorption and emission feature would be a hallmark in unravelling the history of the ``dark age'' before reionization.

AASTEX 5.02, 23 pages with 8 figures, submitted to ApJ. Our code for solving the Lyman alpha line profile and calculating the scattering and heating rates can be downloaded from http://theory.itp.ucsb.edu/~xuelei/LAST/index.html replaced with revised version, added more discussion on the physical process of heating and cooling

References in corpus (3)

• A Survey of z>5.7 Quasars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey II: Discovery of Three Additional Quasars at z>6
• Probing Beyond the Epoch of Hydrogen Reionization with 21 Centimeter Radiation
• On the Evolution of the Ionizing Emissivity of Galaxies and Quasars Required by the Hydrogen Reionization

Cited by in corpus (201)

• Cosmology at Low Frequencies: The 21 cm Transition and the High-Redshift Universe
• An absorption profile centred at 78 megahertz in the sky-averaged spectrum
• 21-cm cosmology
• Observational constraints on Cosmic Reionization
• Possible interaction between baryons and dark-matter particles revealed by the first stars
• Cosmological Parameter Estimation Using 21 cm Radiation from the Epoch of Reionization
• 21 Centimeter Fluctuations from Cosmic Gas at High Redshifts
• Measuring the Small-Scale Power Spectrum of Cosmic Density Fluctuations Through 21 cm Tomography Prior to the Epoch of Structure Formation
• The Physics of the Intergalactic Medium
• The Evolution of the Intergalactic Medium
• Radiation Backgrounds at Cosmic Dawn: X-Rays from Compact Binaries
• Simulations and Analytic Calculations of Bubble Growth During Hydrogen Reionization
• Science with the Murchison Widefield Array
• Multifrequency analysis of 21 cm fluctuations from the Era of Reionization
• The Global 21 Centimeter Background from High Redshifts
• Detecting the Earliest Galaxies Through Two New Sources of 21cm Fluctuations
• New Limits on 21cm EoR From PAPER-32 Consistent with an X-Ray Heated IGM at z=7.7
• 21 cm fluctuations from inhomogeneous X-ray heating before reionization
• Wouthuysen-Field coupling strength and application to high-redshift 21 cm radiation
• The Destruction of Cosmological Minihalos by Primordial Supernovae
• The observable signature of late heating of the Universe during cosmic reionization
• Evolution of the 21 cm signal throughout cosmic history
• The GMRT-EoR Experiment: A new upper limit on the neutral hydrogen power spectrum at z~8.6
• What does the first highly-redshifted 21-cm detection tell us about early galaxies?
• HERA Phase I Limits on the Cosmic 21-cm Signal: Constraints on Astrophysics and Cosmology During the Epoch of Reionization
• On using visibility correlations to probe the HI distribution from the dark ages to the present epoch I: Formalism and the expected signal
• Fast Large Volume Simulations of the 21 cm Signal from the Reionization and pre-Reionization Epochs
• The Global 21-cm Signal in the Context of the High-z Galaxy Luminosity Function
• Reviving Millicharged Dark Matter for 21-cm Cosmology
• Descending from on high: Lyman series cascades and spin-kinetic temperature coupling in the 21 cm line
• Characteristic Scales During Reionization
• Redshifted 21 cm Emission From the Pre-Reionization Era I. Mean Signal and Linear Fluctuations
• How rapidly do supermassive black hole "seeds" grow at early times?
• Redshift Space Distortion of the 21cm Background from the Epoch of Reionization I: Methodology Re-examined
• The Effects of Dark Matter Decay and Annihilation on the High-Redshift 21 cm Background
• The Rise of the First Stars: Supersonic Streaming, Radiative Feedback, and 21-cm Cosmology
• The 21 centimeter emission from the reionization epoch: extended and point source foregrounds
• The multi-frequency angular power spectrum of the epoch of reionization 21 cm signal
• Constraining primordial black holes as dark matter using the global 21-cm signal with X-ray heating and excess radio background
• Light cone effect on the reionization 21-cm power spectrum
• The impact of the supersonic baryon-dark matter velocity difference on the z~20 21cm background
• Cosmic Reionization and the 21-cm signal: Comparison between an analytical model and a simulation
• The Physics and Early History of the Intergalactic Medium
• Decoding the X-ray Properties of Pre-Reionization Era Sources
• The Scattering of Lyman-series Photons in the Intergalactic Medium
• Reionization and Beyond: detecting the peaks of the cosmological 21cm signal
• Lyman-alpha radiative transfer during the Epoch of Reionization: contribution to 21-cm signal fluctuations
• Constraining the reionization history with QSO absorption spectra
• Constraining DM through 21 cm observations
• High-redshift radio galaxies: a potential new source of 21-cm fluctuations
• Primordial helium recombination I: feedback, line transfer, and continuum opacity
• Heating of the intergalactic medium by the cosmic microwave background during cosmic dawn
• The subtlety of Ly-a photons: changing the expected range of the 21-cm signal
• Large-Scale Structure Shocks at Low and High Redshifts
• The 21cm Signature of the First Stars
• The Effects of Population III X-ray and Radio Backgrounds on the Cosmological 21-cm Signal
• Higher Order Contributions to the 21 cm Power Spectrum
• Spin Exchange Rates in Electron-Hydrogen Collisions
• The Implications of a Pre-reionization 21 cm Absorption Signal for Fuzzy Dark Matter
• The 21 cm signal and the interplay between dark matter annihilations and astrophysical processes
• Unique Signatures of Population III Stars in the Global 21-cm Signal
• HI Signal from Reionization Epoch
• Features in Dark Energy Equation of State and Modulations in the Hubble Diagram
• UV pumping of hyperfine transitions in the light elements, with application to 21-cm hydrogen and 92-cm deuterium lines from the early universe
• First upper limits on the 21 cm signal power spectrum from cosmic dawn from one night of observations with NenuFAR
• Heating and cooling of the intergalactic medium by resonance photons
• Discovering the Sky at the Longest wavelengths with a lunar orbit array
• Fuzzy Dark Matter and the 21cm Power Spectrum
• Charting the Parameter Space of the 21-cm Power Spectrum
• Lyman-$\alpha$ coupling and heating at Cosmic Dawn
• The Energy Cascade from Warm Dark Matter Decays
• Implications of the possible 21-cm line excess at cosmic dawn on dynamics of interacting dark energy
• Radio Afterglows of Gamma-Ray Bursts and Hypernovae at High Redshift, and their Potential for 21-cm Absorption Studies
• Ruling out 3 keV warm dark matter using 21 cm-EDGES data
• Fluctuations in the High-Redshift Lyman-Werner and Lyman-alpha Radiation Backgrounds
• The Alcock-Paczynski test in redshifted twenty one centimeter maps
• Influence of primordial magnetic fields on 21 cm emission
• Redshifted 21cm Signatures Around the Highest Redshift Quasars
• The 21 Centimeter Background from the Cosmic Dark Ages: Minihalos and the Intergalactic Medium before Reionization
• The impact of spin temperature fluctuations on the 21-cm moments
• A limit on the warm dark matter particle mass from the redshifted 21 cm absorption line
• Leptonic dark matter annihilation in the evolving universe: constraints and implications
• Reionization History from Coupled CMB/21cm Line Data
• Closing the window on fuzzy dark matter with the 21cm signal
• Redshifted 21 Centimeter Emission from Minihalos Before Reionization
• Lyman-alpha transfer in primordial hydrogen recombination
• 21 cm Tomography of the High-Redshift Universe with the Square Kilometer Array
• Interpreting the Global 21-cm Signal from High Redshifts. I. Model Independent Constraints
• Dark Matter microphysics and 21 cm observations
• Redshift space 21 cm power spectra from reionization
• The 21 Centimeter Forest
• Impact of Dark Matter Annihilation on the High-Redshift Intergalactic Medium
• Improved Fokker-Planck Equation for Resonance Line Scattering
• Probing the effects of primordial black holes on 21-cm EDGES signal along with interacting dark energy and dark matter - baryon scattering
• The 21-cm Line as a Probe of Reionization
• The 21 cm Forest as a Probe of the Reionization and the Temperature of the Intergalactic Medium
• Stages of Reionization as revealed by the Minkowski Functionals
• Impact of Ly$\alpha$ heating on the global 21-cm signal from the Cosmic Dawn
• Lyalpha versus X-ray heating in the high-z IGM
• Prospects of constraining reionization model parameters using Minkowski tensors and Betti numbers
• Feedback from the IR Background in the Early Universe
• Bayesian semi-blind component separation for foreground removal in interferometric 21-cm observations
• Spatially Extended 21 cm Signal from Strongly Clustered UV and X-Ray Sources in the Early Universe
• What will anisotropies in the clustering pattern in redshifted 21 cm maps tell us?
• Observations of HI 21cm absorption by the neutral IGM during the epoch of re-ionization with the Square Kilometer Array
• The earliest galaxies seen in 21 cm line absorption
• Detecting Early Galaxies Through Their 21-cm Signature
• Lunar Orbit Measurement of Cosmic Dawn 21 cm Global Spectrum
• Constraints on Early Star Formation from the 21-cm Global Signal
• Small-scale structure and the Lyman-$\alpha$ forest baryon acoustic oscillation feature
• Modelling of Lyman-alpha Emitting Galaxies and Ionized Bubbles at the Era of Reionization
• Large-Scale Non-Gaussianities in the 21 cm Background Anisotropies From the Era of Reionization
• Contributions of dark matter annihilation to the global 21cm spectrum observed by the EDGES experiment
• The Spin-Resolved Atomic Velocity Distribution and 21-cm Line Profile of Dark-Age Gas
• Redshifted 21 cm Emission From the Pre-Reionization Era II. HII Regions Around Individual Quasars
• A smoother end to the dark ages
• Energy transfer by the scattering of resonant photons
• Particle decay in the early universe: predictions for 21 cm
• Probing Interacting Dark Energy and Scattering of Baryons with Dark Matter in Light of EDGES 21cm Signal
• Inferring the properties of the sources of reionization using the morphological spectra of the ionized regions
• Absorption by Spinning Dust: a Contaminant for High-Redshift 21 cm Observations
• Lyalpha heating and its impact on early structure formation
• Redshifted intergalactic 3He+ 8.7 GHz hyperfine absorption
• Cosmic Reionization May Still Have Started Early and Ended Late: Confronting Early Onset with CMB Anisotropy and 21 cm Global Signals
• Studying Cosmic Dawn using redshifted HI 21-cm signal: A brief review
• Can the 21 cm signal probe Population III and II star formation?
• Searching for the Dark Force with 21-cm Spectrum in Light of EDGES
• X-rays and hard UV radiation From the First Galaxies: Ionization Bubbles and 21 cm Observations
• Exploiting synergies between JWST and cosmic 21-cm observations to uncover star formation in the early Universe
• The Wouthuysen Field Absorption Trough in Cosmic Strings Wakes
• Detectable Signatures of Cosmic Radiative Feedback
• Large-scale Array for Radio Astronomy on the Farside
• Detection and Fundamental Applications of Individual First Galaxies
• Bayesian Model Selection with Future 21cm Observations of The Epoch of Reionisation
• The detectability of strong 21 centimetre forest absorbers from the diffuse intergalactic medium in late reionisation models
• 21cmFirstCLASS I. Cosmological tool for $\Lambda$CDM and beyond
• Distinctive 21 cm structures of the first stars, galaxies, and quasars
• Exploring the cosmic dawn and epoch of reionization with 21cm line
• The scattering of LyA radiation in the intergalactic medium: numerical methods and solutions
• Variations in fundamental constants at the cosmic dawn
• Probing early universe through redshifted 21-cm signal: Modelling and observational challenges
• Measuring the cosmic expansion rate using 21-cm velocity acoustic oscillations
• The contribution of the IGM and minihalos to the 21 cm signal of reionization
• The Global 21 cm Absorption from Cosmic Dawn with Inhomogeneous Gas Distribution
• Accurate modelling of the Lyman-$\alpha$ coupling for the 21-cm signal, observability with NenuFAR and SKA
• The First Billion Years in Seconds: An Effective Model for the 21-cm Signal with Population III Stars
• Enlightening the dark ages with dark matter
• HI 21cm probes of reionization, and beyond
• Modifications to the Cosmic 21-cm Background Frequency Spectrum by Scattering via electrons in Galaxy Clusters
• The HI Bias during the Epoch of Reionization
• Stellar mass dependence of the 21-cm signal around the first star and its impact on the global signal
• Global 21-cm brightness temperature in viscous dark energy models
• Constraining structure formation using EDGES
• Detecting primordial gravitational waves with circular polarization of the redshifted 21 cm line: I. Formalism
• Time evolution of Wouthuysen-Field coupling
• An Analytic Formulation of 21-cm Signal from Early Phase of Epoch of Reionization
• Radio views of cosmic reionization
• Cosmic Radio Background from Primordial Black Holes at Cosmic Dawn
• 21cmFirstCLASS II. Early linear fluctuations of the 21cm signal
• The validity of 21 cm spin temperature as a kinetic temperature indicator in atomic and molecular gas
• Probing the growth of supermassive black holes at z>6 with LOFAR
• A WENO algorithm for radiative transfer with resonant scattering: the time scale of the Wouthuysen-Field Coupling
• Maximum amplitude of the high-redshift 21-cm absorption feature
• Calibration Error in 21-centimeter Global Spectrum Experiments
• Cosmic mysteries and the hydrogen 21-cm line: bridging the gap with lunar observations
• The impact of Lyman-$\alpha$ emission line heating and cooling on the cosmic dawn 21-cm signal
• Intergalactic heating by Lyman-alpha photons including hyperfine structure corrections
• Cosmic Reionization and the First Nonlinear Structures in the Universe
• Galactic wind X-ray heating of the intergalactic medium during the Epoch of Reionization
• A practical theorem on using interferometry to measure the global 21-cm signal
• The ultimate frontier of 21cm cosmology
• Radiative transfer of Lyman-$\alpha$ photons at cosmic dawn with realistic gas physics
• Let there be Light: the Emergence of Structure out of the Dark Ages in the Early Universe
• Impact of cosmic rays on the global 21-cm signal during cosmic dawn
• Analytic Formulation of 21 cm Signal from Cosmic Dawn: Ly$\alpha$ Fluctuations
• The 21cm Signature of Early Relic \HII Regions
• Revisiting primordial magnetic fields through 21-cm physics: Bounds and forecasts
• Energy injection in pre-recombination era and EDGES detection
• STARFIRE: An algorithm for estimating radio frequency interference in orbits around Earth
• Lyman-alpha Heating of Inhomogeneous High-redshift Intergalactic Medium
• Linear Polarization of the 21 cm Line from the Epoch of Reionization
• Signals of the cosmological reionization in the radio sky through C and O fine structure lines
• Probing the physics and history of cosmic reionization with the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect
• Detecting Cosmic 21 cm Global Signal Using an Improved Polynomial Fitting Algorithm
• On Measuring the 21 cm Global Spectrum of the Cosmic Dawn with an Interferometer Array
• Narrowing the discovery space of the cosmological 21-cm signal using multi-wavelength constraints
• Predictions of the 21cm global signal in the JWST and ALMA era
• Astrophysical uncertainties challenge 21-cm forecasts: A primordial black hole case study
• Luminosity Bias (II): The Cosmic Web of the First Stars
• Constraining the Hubble parameter with the 21 cm brightness temperature signal in a universe with inhomogeneities
• 21 cm Signal from the Thermal Evolution of Lyman-$\alpha$ during Cosmic Dawn
• Thermal Evolution of the IGM due to Lyman-α photons during the Cosmic Dawn
• Observing the influence of growing black holes on the pre-reionization IGM
• A Search for X-Ray Reionization Signatures from Cross-Correlation of Wmap and ROSAT Rass Data
• A Comprehensive Bayesian re-analysis of the SARAS2 data from the Epoch of Reionization
• Exploring delaying and heating effects on the 21-cm signature of fuzzy dark matter
• Constraints on the velocity dispersion of Dark Matter from Cosmology and new bounds on scattering from the Cosmic Dawn
• The heating rate of the Intergalactic Medium by Lyman-$\alpha$ photon scattering
• Effect of the cosmological transition to metal-enriched star-formation on the hydrogen 21-cm signal
• Challenges of Relativistic Astrophysics
• Probing Cosmological Reionization through Radio-interferometric Observations of Neutral Hydrogen