Galaxy Formation Theory

Abstract

We review the current theory of how galaxies form within the cosmological framework provided by the cold dark matter paradigm for structure formation. Beginning with the pre-galactic evolution of baryonic material we describe the analytical and numerical understanding of how baryons condense into galaxies, what determines the structure of those galaxies and how internal and external processes (including star formation, merging, active galactic nuclei etc.) determine their gross properties and evolution. Throughout, we highlight successes and failings of current galaxy formation theory. We include a review of computational implementations of galaxy formation theory and assess their ability to provide reliable modelling of this complex phenomenon. We finish with a discussion of several "hot topics" in contemporary galaxy formation theory and assess future directions for this field.

58 pages, to appear in Physics Reports. This version includes minor corrections and a handful of additional references

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• Chemical evolution of galaxies. I. A composition-dependent SPH model for chemical evolution and cooling
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• Strong Upper Limits on Sterile Neutrino Warm Dark Matter
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• Supersonic turbulence, filamentary accretion,and the rapid assembly of massive stars and disks
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• The impact of radio feedback from active galactic nuclei in cosmological simulations: Formation of disk galaxies
• An implementation of radiative transfer in the cosmological simulation code GADGET
• The Effect of the Interstellar Model on Star Formation Properties in Galactic Disks
• The Destruction of Thin Stellar Disks Via Cosmologically Common Satellite Accretion Events
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• Modelling Shock Heating in Cluster Mergers: I. Moving Beyond the Spherical Accretion Model
• Monte Carlo Markov Chain Parameter Estimation in Semi-Analytic Models of Galaxy Formation
• Binary black hole merger: symmetry and the spin expansion
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• Magneto-Hydrodynamics of Population III Star Formation
• Reproducing the assembly of massive galaxies within the hierarchical cosmogony
• Evaluating and Improving Semi-analytic modelling of Dust in Galaxies based on Radiative Transfer Calculations
• Thermal Balance in the Intracluster Medium: Is AGN Feedback Necessary?
• The Spatial Distribution of the Galactic First Stars I: High-Resolution N-body Approach
• A New Moment Method for Continuum Radiative Transfer in Cosmological Reionization
• Constraining Warm Dark Matter using QSO gravitational lensing
• The merger-driven evolution of warm infrared luminous galaxies
• Impact of Cosmic Rays on Population III Star Formation
• Color Distributions, Number and Mass Densities of Massive Galaxies at 1.5 < z < 3: Comparing Observations with Merger Simulations
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• Cosmic ray confinement in fossil cluster bubbles
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• The clustering of the first galaxy halos
• An Improved Semi-Analytical Spherical Collapse Model for Non-linear Density Evolution
• Subhaloes in Scale-Free Cosmologies
• GalICS V : Low and high order clustering in mock SDSS's
• Tidal Mass Loss from Collisionless Systems
• Single and binary evolution of Population III stars and their supernovae light curves
• Heating Cluster Gas
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Cited by in corpus (236)

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• The First Galaxies
• Science with the space-based interferometer eLISA. I: Supermassive black hole binaries
• A unified multi-wavelength model of galaxy formation
• Galacticus: A Semi-Analytic Model of Galaxy Formation
• Galaxy Evolution in Cosmological Simulations With Outflows I: Stellar Masses and Star Formation Rates
• Galaxy alignments: An overview
• Nyx: A Massively Parallel AMR Code for Computational Cosmology
• Cosmic evolution of the atomic and molecular gas content of galaxies
• HACC: Simulating Sky Surveys on State-of-the-Art Supercomputing Architectures
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• Moving mesh cosmology: numerical techniques and global statistics
• Mapping stellar content to dark matter halos using galaxy clustering and galaxy-galaxy lensing in the SDSS DR7
• Lightcone mock catalogues from semi-analytic models of galaxy formation - I. Construction and application to the BzK colour selection
• A new model of galaxy formation: How sensitive are predicted galaxy luminosities to the choice of SPS model?
• Herschel-ATLAS Galaxy Counts and High Redshift Luminosity Functions: The Formation of Massive Early Type Galaxies
• The Spin of Supermassive Black Holes
• Reproducing the Stellar Mass/Halo Mass Relation in Simulated LCDM Galaxies: Theory vs Observational Estimates
• The Birth of a Galaxy. II. The Role of Radiation Pressure
• Detection of a Hot Gaseous Halo Around the Giant Spiral Galaxy NGC 1961
• An algorithm to build mock galaxy catalogues using MICE simulations
• Angular momentum evolution of galaxies in EAGLE
• How well can we really estimate the stellar masses of galaxies from broadband photometry?
• On the impact of empirical and theoretical star formation laws on galaxy formation
• Gravitational probes of dark matter physics
• Predictions for the CO emission of galaxies from a coupled simulation of galaxy formation and photon dominated regions
• The effective stability parameter for two-component galactic discs: Is 1/Q ~ 1/Q_stars + 1/Q_gas ?
• Nonlinear Perturbation Theory Integrated with Nonlocal Bias, Redshift-space Distortions, and Primordial Non-Gaussianity
• Growth of Cosmic Structure: Probing Dark Energy Beyond Expansion
• First Light And Reionisation Epoch Simulations (FLARES) I: Environmental Dependence of High-Redshift Galaxy Evolution
• Mapping stellar content to dark matter halos. II. Halo mass is the main driver of galaxy quenching
• Metallicity Gradient of a Lensed Face-on Spiral Galaxy at Redshift 1.49
• Solutions of the Einstein equations for a black hole surrounded by a galactic halo
• Resolving Subhaloes' Lives with the Hierarchical Bound-Tracing Algorithm
• The High Latitude Spectroscopic Survey on the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
• Average Metallicity and Star Formation Rate of Lya Emitters Probed by a Triple Narrow-Band Survey
• Chemical Signatures of the First Galaxies: Criteria for One-Shot Enrichment
• The Sloan Digital Sky Survey Reverberation Mapping Project: No Evidence for Evolution in the M-sigma Relation to z~1
• Halo Profiles and the Concentration-Mass Relation for a ΛCDM Universe
• Baryon Cycles in the Biggest Galaxies
• XMM-Newton Detects a Hot Gaseous Halo in the Fastest Rotating Spiral Galaxy UGC 12591
• Mergers, Starbursts, and Quenching in the Simba Simulation
• Galaxy formation in the Planck Millennium: the atomic hydrogen content of dark matter halos
• On the Hot Gas Content of the Milky Way Halo
• The radial distribution of galaxies in groups and clusters
• The stellar-to-halo mass relation of GAMA galaxies from 100 square degrees of KiDS weak lensing data
• Atomic hydrogen in IllustrisTNG galaxies: the impact of environment parallelled with local 21-cm surveys
• Cosmic Emulation: Fast Predictions for the Galaxy Power Spectrum
• Galaxies in the EAGLE hydrodynamical simulation and in the Durham and Munich semi-analytical models
• Simulated observations of sub-millimetre galaxies: the impact of single-dish resolution and field variance
• The most luminous quasars do not live in the most massive dark matter haloes at any redshift
• The 0.1<z<1.65 evolution of the bright end of the [OII] luminosity function
• Dissecting and Modelling Galaxy Assembly Bias
• cosmoabc: Likelihood-free inference via Population Monte Carlo Approximate Bayesian Computation
• A dynamical model of supernova feedback: gas outflows from the interstellar medium
• A Minimalist Feedback-Regulated Model for Galaxy Formation During the Epoch of Reionization
• The origin of the atomic and molecular gas contents of early-type galaxies. I. A new test of galaxy formation physics
• Bosonic gas as a Galactic Dark Matter Halo
• MultiDark-Galaxies: data release and first results
• The host dark matter halos of [OII] emitters at 0.5< z< 1.5
• How robust are predictions of galaxy clustering?
• The Evolution of Assembly Bias
• The MaGICC Baryon Cycle: The Enrichment History of Simulated Disc Galaxies
• Brightest cluster galaxies in cosmological simulations: achievements and limitations of AGN feedback models
• Probing astrophysical environment with eccentric extreme mass-ratio inspirals
• Radiative cooling functions for primordial molecules
• Predictions for deep galaxy surveys with JWST from $\Lambda$CDM
• Galactic Center Gas Clouds and Novel Bounds on Ultra-Light Dark Photon, Vector Portal, Strongly Interacting, Composite, and Super-Heavy Dark Matter
• The Orbital Ellipticity of Satellite Galaxies and the Mass of the Milky Way
• Focusing on Warm Dark Matter with Lensed High-redshift Galaxies
• Powderday: Dust Radiative Transfer for Galaxy Simulations
• Constraints on Warm Dark Matter models from high-redshift long gamma-ray bursts
• SURFS: Riding the waves with Synthetic UniveRses For Surveys
• A Lightcone Catalogue from the Millennium-XXL Simulation
• The Extreme Small Scales: Do Satellite Galaxies Trace Dark Matter?
• The rapid onset of stellar bars in the baryon-dominated centers of disk galaxies
• Puffing up early-type galaxies by baryonic mass loss: numerical experiments
• Double dark matter vision: twice the number of compact-source lenses with narrow-line lensing and the WFC3 grism
• Luminous Satellites of Early-Type Galaxies I: Spatial Distribution
• The evolution of the star forming sequence in hierarchical galaxy formation models
• Spin flips I: Evolution of the angular momentum orientation of Milky Way-mass dark matter haloes
• MegaMorph -- multi-wavelength measurement of galaxy structure: physically meaningful bulge-disc decomposition of galaxies near and far
• Radiative lifetimes and cooling functions for astrophysically important molecules
• Calibration of semi-analytic models of galaxy formation using Particle Swarm Optimization
• The physical nature of the cosmic accretion of baryons and dark matter into halos and their galaxies
• Simulating the interstellar medium of galaxies with radiative transfer, non-equilibrium thermochemistry, and dust
• Further evidence for large central mass-to-light ratios in early-type galaxies: the case of ellipticals and lenticulars in the Abell~262 cluster
• A Cosmic Coincidence: The Power-Law Galaxy Correlation Function
• The Degree of Fine-Tuning in our Universe -- and Others
• Enriching the hot circumgalactic medium
• Probing the diffuse baryon distribution with the lensing-tSZ cross-correlation
• A natural boundary of dark matter haloes revealed around the minimum bias and maximum infall locations
• An analytical model for galaxy metallicity: What do metallicity relations tell us about star formation and outflow?
• The UV colours and dust attenuation of Lyman-break galaxies
• The Impact of Different Physical Processes on the Statistics of Lyman-limit and Damped Lyman-alpha Absorbers
• On the origin of the mass-metallicity gradient relation in the local Universe
• Building a Predictive Model of Galaxy Formation - I: Phenomenological Model Constrained to the $z=0$ Stellar Mass Function
• A machine learning approach to mapping baryons onto dark matter haloes using the EAGLE and C-EAGLE simulations
• INFERNO: Galactic winds in dwarf galaxies with star-by-star simulations including runaway stars
• Comparing galaxy formation in the L-GALAXIES semi-analytical model and the IllustrisTNG simulations
• Properties of satellite galaxies in the SDSS photometric survey: luminosities, colours and projected number density profiles
• The evolution of the stellar mass versus halo mass relationship
• Cross-correlation of DES Y3 lensing and ACT/$Planck$ thermal Sunyaev Zel'dovich Effect II: Modeling and constraints on halo pressure profiles
• A New Method to Quantify Environment and Model Ram-Pressure Stripping in N-Body Simulations
• (Sub)millimetre interferometric imaging of a sample of COSMOS/AzTEC submillimetre galaxies - I. Multiwavelength identifications and redshift distribution
• Evolution of galactic magnetic fields
• The Q Continuum Simulation: Harnessing the Power of GPU Accelerated Supercomputers
• Marked clustering statistics in $f(R)$ gravity cosmologies
• The first Super Massive Black Holes: indications from models for future observations
• Evolution of LMC/M33-mass dwarf galaxies in the EAGLE simulation
• Scaling Relations for Galaxies Prior to Reionization
• Chandra Survey of Nearby Highly Inclined Disc Galaxies - III: Comparison with Hydrodynamical Simulations of Circumgalactic Coronae
• Constraints on galaxy formation models from the galaxy stellar mass function and its evolution
• The clustering of typical Ly$\alpha$ emitters from $z\sim 2.5-6$: host halo masses depend on Ly$\alpha$ and UV luminosities
• Infrared signature of active massive black holes in nearby dwarf galaxies
• The galaxy - dark matter halo connection: which galaxy properties are correlated with the host halo mass?
• The Role of Dissipation in the Scaling Relations of Cosmological Merger Remnants
• Post-Newtonian constraints on Lorentz-violating gravity theories with a MOND phenomenology
• nIFTy Cosmology: the clustering consistency of galaxy formation models
• Robust PCA and MIC statistics of baryons in early mini-haloes
• Extensions to the halo occupation distribution model for more accurate clustering predictions
• Regulation of Star Formation by a Hot Circumgalactic Medium
• Linear bias forecasts for emission line cosmological surveys
• A six-parameter space to describe galaxy diversification
• A population of galaxy-scale jets discovered using LOFAR
• Exact Extreme Value Statistics and the Halo Mass Function
• Suppression of accretion onto low-mass Population III stars
• The evolution of the galaxy content of dark matter haloes
• The importance of preventive feedback: inference from observations of the stellar masses and metallicities of Milky Way dwarf galaxies
• The importance of galaxy formation histories in models of reionization
• Galactic magnetic fields and hierarchical galaxy formation
• Probing the dark-matter halos of cluster galaxies with weak lensing
• The Three Hundred Project: Substructure in hydrodynamical and dark matter simulations of galaxy groups around clusters
• Using Velocity Dispersion to Estimate Halo Mass: Is the Local Group in Tension with $\Lambda$CDM?
• Spin Flips - II. Evolution of dark matter halo spin orientation, and its correlation with major mergers
• Constraining the properties of gaseous halos via cross-correlations of upcoming galaxy surveys and thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich maps
• Unveiling the atomic hydrogen-halo mass relation via spectral stacking
• The PAU Survey: Spectral features and galaxy clustering using simulated narrow band photometry
• The Circum-Galactic Medium of MASsive Spirals I: Overview and a Case Study of NGC 5908
• A new methodology to test galaxy formation models using the dependence of clustering on stellar mass
• The Subaru FMOS galaxy redshift survey (FastSound). V. Intrinsic alignments of emission line galaxies at $z\sim 1.4$
• Spin-axion coupling
• The Clustering Evolution of Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies
• The segregation of baryons and dark matter during halo assembly
• LIMFAST. II. Line Intensity Mapping as a Probe of High-Redshift Galaxy Formation
• ALMA observations of a z~3.1 Protocluster: Star Formation from Active Galactic Nuclei and Lyman-Alpha Blobs in an Overdense Environment
• Constraining interacting dark energy models with the halo concentration-mass relation
• Brightest Group Galaxies: Stellar Mass and Star Formation Rate (paper I)
• The clustering of H$\beta$+[OIII] and [OII] emitters since $z\sim 5$: dependencies with line luminosity and stellar mass
• Figuring Out Gas & Galaxies In Enzo (FOGGIE) V: The Virial Temperature Does Not Describe Gas in a Virialized Galaxy Halo
• Extending the halo mass resolution of $N$-body simulations
• HIghMass - High HI Mass, HI-rich Galaxies at z~0: High-Resolution VLA Imaging of UGC 9037 and UGC 12506
• A deep Chandra observation of the hot gaseous halo around a rare, extremely massive and relativistic jet launching spiral galaxy
• Cosmic CARNage II: the evolution of the galaxy stellar mass function in observations and galaxy formation models
• Consistent and simultaneous modelling of galaxy clustering and galaxy-galaxy lensing with Subhalo Abundance Matching
• LIMFAST. I. A Semi-Numerical Tool for Line Intensity Mapping
• DESCQA: An Automated Validation Framework for Synthetic Sky Catalogs
• Observing Merger Trees in a New Light
• Fermi bubble edges: spectrum and diffusion function
• Does jackknife scale really matter for accurate large-scale structure covariances?
• Constraining the Noise-Free Distribution of Halo Spin Parameters
• Exploring the hot gaseous halo around an extremely massive and relativistic jet launching spiral galaxy with XMM-Newton
• Some observational tests of a minimal galaxy formation model
• Modelling the dusty universe II: The clustering of submillimetre-selected galaxies
• The evolution of disc galaxies with and without classical bulges since z~1
• On the dearth of ultra-faint extremely metal poor galaxies
• Quasi-equilibrium models of high-redshift disc galaxy evolution
• The First Fall is the Hardest: The Importance of Peculiar Galaxy Dynamics at Infall Time for Tidal Stripping Acting at the Centers of Groups and Clusters
• Cosmological dark fluid from five-dimensional vacuum
• Hybrid analytic and machine-learned baryonic property insertion into galactic dark matter haloes
• The time-scales of major mergers from simulations of isolated binary galaxy collisions
• Spectro-Imaging Forward Model of Red and Blue Galaxies
• Constraining warm dark matter mass with cosmic reionization and gravitational wave
• The clustering and halo occupation distribution of Lyman-break galaxies at $z\sim 4$
• On the accuracy of dark matter halo merger trees and the consequences for semi-analytic models of galaxy formation
• Magnitude and size evolution of bulgeless galaxies
• Fermi bubbles: high latitude X-ray supersonic shell
• Unveiling the main sequence of galaxies at $z\ge 5$ with the James Webb Space Telescope: predictions from simulations
• The nature and descendants of Lyman-break galaxies in the LambdaCDM cosmology
• Cosmic topology. Part IIa. Eigenmodes, correlation matrices, and detectability of orientable Euclidean manifolds
• Growing the First Galaxies' Merger Trees
• On the frequency of star-forming galaxies in the vicinity of powerful AGNs: The case of SMM J04135+10277
• Interpreting the cosmic far-infrared background anisotropies using a gas regulator model
• Supermassive black hole seeds from sub-keV dark matter
• Efficient exploration and calibration of a semi-analytical model of galaxy formation with deep learning
• The extent of intergalactic metal enrichment from galactic winds during the Cosmic Dawn
• Tracking the orbit of unresolved subhalos for semi-analytic models
• Dark-ages reionization and galaxy formation simulation XI: Clustering and halo masses of high redshift galaxies
• Relating galaxies across different redshift to study galaxy evolution
• Ca II and Na I Quasar Absorption-Line Systems in an Emission-Selected Sample of SDSS DR7 Galaxy/Quasar Projections: I. Sample Selection
• A semi-analytical perspective on massive galaxies at $z\sim 0.55$
• Investigating the galaxy-halo connection of DESI Emission-Line Galaxies with SHAMe-SF
• Zoom-in cosmological hydrodynamical simulation of a star-forming barred, spiral galaxy at redshift z=2
• The abundance and colours of galaxies in high redshift clusters in the cold dark matter cosmology
• Radiative and mechanical energies in galaxies I. Contributions of molecular shocks and PDRs in 3C 326 N
• Suzaku Measurements of Hot Halo Emission at Outskirts for Two Poor Galaxy Groups: NGC 3402 and NGC 5129
• Predictions for LISA and PTA based on SHARK galaxy simulations
• Effective viscosity from cloud-cloud collisions in three-dimensional global SPH simulations
• Galactic Outflows and Evolution of the Interstellar Medium
• Void Probability Function of Simulated Surveys of high-redshift Lyman-Alpha Emitters
• Co-evolution of supermassive black holes with galaxies from semi-analytic model: stochastic gravitational wave background and black hole clustering
• Non-linear power spectra of dark and luminous matter in halo model of structure formation
• Charged black hole surrounded by a galactic halo in de Sitter universe
• Cosmic ray backgrounds for dark matter indirect detection
• Galaxy luminosity function and its cosmological evolution: Testing a new feedback model depending on galaxy-scale dust opacity
• Modelling the quenching of star formation activity from the evolution of the colour-magnitude relation in VIPERS
• A comparison between semi-analytical gas cooling models and cosmological hydrodynamical simulations
• Metal distribution in the ICM - a comprehensive numerical study of twelve galaxy clusters
• The miniJPAS survey. Evolution of the luminosity and stellar mass functions of galaxies up to $z\sim 0.7$
• Galaxy formation from a timescale perspective
• Exploring the Dependence of Gas Cooling and Heating Functions on the Incident Radiation Field with Machine Learning
• Sensitivity analysis of a galaxy formation model
• Extracting Galaxy Merger Timescales II: A new fitting formula
• Approximate methods for the generation of dark matter halo catalogs in the age of precision cosmology
• Distinguishing dark matter halos with Extreme mass ratio inspirals
• Is the stellar mass-stellar metallicity relation universal in the Milky Way satellites and beyond?
• Growth and Feedback from the First Black Holes
• The role of gas stripping in the quenching of satellite galaxies using SHARK v2.0
• The interaction between feedback from active galactic nuclei and supernovae
• X-ray stacking reveals average SMBH accretion properties of star-forming galaxies and their cosmic evolution over 4 <~ z <~ 7
• A Redshift Survey of the Coma Cluster (A1656): Understanding the Nature of Subhalos in the Weak-lensing Map
• On the origin of transient features in cosmological N-Body Simulations
• Covariances of Galaxy Stellar Mass Functions and Correlation Functions
• The evolution of galaxy formation
• The Three Hundred Project: A fast semi-analytic model emulator of hydrodynamical galaxy cluster simulations
• Effects of Varied Cosmic Ray Feedback from AGN on Massive Galaxy Properties
• How well is angular momentum accretion modelled in semi-analytic galaxy formation models?
• The nature of the variable millimetre-selected AGN in the Brightest Cluster Galaxy of Abell 851
• Halo Merger Tree Comparison: Impact on Galaxy Formation Models
• A multiwavelength study of near- and mid-infrared selected galaxies at high redshift: ERGs, AGN-identification and the contribution from dust
• Ultra-fast model emulation with PRISM; analyzing the Meraxes galaxy formation model
• A semi-analytical perspective on massive red galaxies: I. Assembly history, environment & redshift evolution