A New Non-Parametric Approach to Galaxy Morphological Classification

Abstract

We present two new non-parametric methods for quantifying galaxy morphology: the relative distribution of the galaxy pixel flux values (the Gini coefficient or G) and the second-order moment of the brightest 20% of the galaxy's flux (M20). We test the robustness of G and M20 to decreasing signal-to-noise and spatial resolution, and find that both measures are reliable to within 10% at average signal-to-noise per pixel greater than 3 and resolutions better than 1000 pc and 500 pc, respectively. We have measured G and M20, as well as concentration (C), asymmetry (A), and clumpiness (S) in the rest-frame near-ultraviolet/optical wavelengths for 150 bright local "normal" Hubble type galaxies (E-Sd) galaxies and 104 0.05 < z < 0.25 ultra-luminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs).We find that most local galaxies follow a tight sequence in G-M20-C, where early-types have high G and C and low M20 and late-type spirals have lower G and C and higher M20. The majority of ULIRGs lie above the normal galaxy G-M20 sequence, due to their high G and M20 values. Their high Gini coefficients arise from very bright nuclei, while the high second-order moments are produced by multiple nuclei and bright tidal tails. All of these features are signatures of recent and on-going mergers and interactions. We also find that in combination with A and S, G is more effective than C at distinguishing ULIRGs from the "normal" Hubble-types. Finally, we measure the morphologies of 45 1.7 < z < 3.8 galaxies from HST NICMOS observations of the Hubble Deep Field North. We find that many of the z $\sim$ 2 galaxies possess G and A higher than expected from degraded images of local elliptical and spiral galaxies, and have morphologies more like low-redshift single nucleus ULIRGs.

48 pages, 9 tables and 17 figures, accepted to the Astronomical Journal with minor revisions

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• The hyperluminous Compton-thick $z\sim 2$ quasar nucleus of the hot DOG W1835+4355 observed by NuSTAR
• Morphological Dependence of MIR Properties of SDSS Galaxies in the Spitzer SWIRE Survey
• Properties of Galaxies Hosting X-ray Selected Active Galactic Nuclei in the Cl1604 Supercluster at z=0.9
• Galaxy Zoo: Multi-Mergers and the Millennium Simulation
• How Robust Are the Size Measurements of High-redshift Compact Galaxies?
• The Compact UV Size of Green Pea Galaxies As Local Analogs of High-redshift Ly$\alpha$-Emitters
• On the buildup of massive early-type galaxies at z<~1. I- Reconciling their hierarchical assembly with mass-downsizing
• Green galaxies in the COSMOS field
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: gas content and interaction as the drivers of kinematic asymmetry
• Quantified HI Morphology II : Lopsidedness and Interaction in WHISP Column Density Maps
• A Hubble Space Telescope Imaging Survey of Low-Redshift Swift-BAT Active Galaxies
• The FUV to Near-IR Morphologies of Luminous Infrared Galaxies in the GOALS Sample
• Euclid preparation. XXV. The Euclid Morphology Challenge -- Towards model-fitting photometry for billions of galaxies
• High resolution near-infrared imaging of submillimeter galaxies
• High-resolution synthetic UV-submm images for Milky Way-mass simulated galaxies from the ARTEMIS project
• Merging Galaxies with Tidal Tails in COSMOS to z=1
• A study of diffuse radio sources and X-ray emission in six massive clusters
• The zCOSMOS-Bright survey: the clustering of early and late galaxy morphological types since z~1
• Gradient Pattern Analysis Applied to Galaxy Morphology
• The Properties of Hα Emission-Line Galaxies at z = 2.24
• Color Magnitude Relation and Morphology of Low-Redshift ULIRGs in SDSS
• The impact from survey depth and resolution on the morphological classification of galaxies
• Double-peak emission line galaxies in the SDSS catalogue. A minor merger sequence
• Star--forming galaxies at intermediate redshifts: morphology, ages and sizes
• Parametrising arbitrary galaxy morphologies: potentials and pitfalls
• Nonparametric galaxy morphology from UV to submm wavelengths
• Evolution in the Disks and Bulges of Group Galaxies since z=0.4
• Quantified HI Morphology IV: The Merger Fraction and Rate in WHISP
• The morphological mix of dwarf galaxies in the nearby Universe
• Towards robust determination of non-parametric morphologies in marginal astronomical data: resolving uncertainties with cosmological hydrodynamical simulations
• Dark influences III. Structural characterization of minor mergers of dwarf galaxies with dark satellites
• What is Important? Morphological Asymmetries are Useful Predictors of Star Formation Rates of Star-forming Galaxies in SDSS Stripe 82
• The Morphological Transformation of Red Sequence Galaxies in Clusters since $z\sim 1$
• Galaxy Structure, Stellar Populations, and Star Formation Quenching at 0.6 $\lesssim$ $z$ $\lesssim$ 1.2
• How unusual is the cool-core radio halo cluster CL1821+643 ?
• The SAMI galaxy survey: Galaxy Interactions and Kinematic Anomalies in Abell 119
• Probing Asymmetric Structures in the Outskirts of Galaxies
• Beyond Ultra-diffuse Galaxies. I. Mass--Size Outliers among the Satellites of Milky Way Analogs
• Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA): merging galaxies and their properties
• The observability of galaxy merger signatures in nearby gas-rich spirals
• Observing the host galaxies of high-redshift quasars with JWST: predictions from the BlueTides simulation
• Precision Cosmology: Successes and Challenges
• Structure and morphology of X-ray selected AGN hosts at 1<z<3 in CANDELS-COSMOS field
• A Robust Study of High-Redshift Galaxies: Unsupervised Machine Learning for Characterising morphology with JWST up to z ~ 8
• A photometric search for transients in galaxy clusters
• The Effects of Interactions on the Structure and Morphology of Elliptical/Lenticular galaxies in Pairs
• On the Nature of AGN and Star Formation Enhancement in the $z=3.1$ SSA22 Protocluster: The HST WFC3 IR View
• Redshifting galaxies from DESI to JWST CEERS: Correction of biases and uncertainties in quantifying morphology
• Eigengalaxies: describing galaxy morphology using principal components in image space
• Rapid sorting of radio galaxy morphology using Haralick features
• Passive and star-forming galaxies at $1.4\le z\le 2.5$ in the Aegis field
• Pushing the limits of the Gaia space mission by analyzing galaxy morphology
• The Edge-on Galaxies in the Pan-STARRS survey (EGIPS)
• IRAC Near-Infrared Features in the Outer Parts of S4G Galaxies
• Morphological Classification of Galaxies by Shapelet Decomposition in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey II: Multiwavelength Classification
• ASTErIsM - Application of topometric clustering algorithms in automatic galaxy detection and classification
• The MUSE Ultra Deep Field (MUDF). III. Hubble Space Telescope WFC3 Grism Spectroscopy and Imaging
• Dust and Power: Unravelling the merger - active galactic nucleus connection in the second half of cosmic history
• Properties and merger signatures of galaxies hosting LISA coalescing massive black hole binaries
• The Connection between Mergers and AGN Activity in Simulated and Observed Massive Galaxies
• Wolf-Rayet galaxies in SDSS-IV MaNGA. I. Catalog construction and sample properties
• The Spatial Extent and Distribution of Star Formation in 3D-HST Mergers at z~1.5
• Galaxies in X-ray Groups. III. Satellite Color and Morphology Transformations
• Morphological classification of galaxies and its relation to physical properties
• Effects of galaxy environment on merger fraction
• Double barred galaxies at intermediate redshifts: A feasibility study
• Star formation in far-IR AGN and non-AGN galaxies in the green valley. II. Morphological analysis
• Galaxy morphologies at cosmic noon with JWST: A foundation for exploring gas transport with bars and spiral arms
• Spatial distribution of dark matter in and around galaxy clusters traced by galaxies, gas and intracluster stars in a simulated universe
• The evolution of disc galaxies with and without classical bulges since z~1
• The Impact of Redshift on Galaxy Morphometric Classification: case studies for SDSS, DES, LSST and HST with Morfometryka
• Morphological evolution of supermassive black hole merger hosts and multimessenger signatures
• JWST's PEARLS: resolved study of the stellar and dust components in starburst galaxies at cosmic noon
• The galaxy population of the complex cluster system Abell 3921
• DAWN JWST Archive: Morphology from profile fitting of over 340 000 galaxies in major fields
• Euclid preparation. XLIII. Measuring detailed galaxy morphologies for Euclid with machine learning
• Powerful Radio-Loud Quasars are Triggered by Galaxy Mergers in the Cosmic Bright Ages
• The building up of observed stellar scaling relations of massive galaxies and the connection to black hole growth in the TNG50 simulation
• Ram Pressure Candidates in UNIONS
• Photometric Redshift Estimation with Galaxy Morphology using Self-Organizing Maps
• The Effects of an AGN on Host Galaxy Colour and Morphology Measurements
• Systematically Asymmetric: A comparison of \hi\ profile asymmetries in real and simulated galaxies
• Galaxy merger challenge: A comparison study between machine learning-based detection methods
• Resolved Molecular Gas Observations of MaNGA Post-starbursts Reveal a Tumultuous Past
• Realistic galaxy images and improved robustness in machine learning tasks from generative modelling
• Tidal Interactions and Mergers in Intermediate Redshift EDisCS Clusters
• The Structures of Distant Galaxies V: The Evolution of Galaxy Structure in Stellar Mass at z < 1
• Star Formation Histories Across the Interacting Galaxy NGC 6872, the Largest-Known Spiral
• The MOSDEF Survey: No Significant Enhancement in Star Formation or Deficit in Metallicity in Merging Galaxy Pairs at 1.5<=z<=3.5
• Hamilton's Object -- a clumpy galaxy straddling the gravitational caustic of a galaxy cluster : Constraints on dark matter clumping
• Nonparametric galaxy morphology from stellar and nebular emission with the CALIFA sample
• An Extensive Photometric Catalog of CALIFA Galaxies
• Star formation and morphological properties of galaxies in the Pan-STARRS $3\pi$ survey- I. A machine learning approach to galaxy and supernova classification
• CANDELS Meets GSWLC: Evolution of the Relationship Between Morphology and Star Formation Since z = 2
• Do galaxy mergers prefer under-dense environments?
• The origin of double-peak emission-line galaxies: rotating discs, bars or galaxy mergers?
• Inverted metallicity gradients in two Virgo cluster star-forming dwarf galaxies: evidence of recent merging?
• The MOSDEF Survey: Differences in SFR and Metallicity for Morphologically-Selected Mergers at z~2
• Physical properties of compact star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 2-3$
• Morphological Classification of Local Luminous Infrared Galaxies
• Listening to galaxies tuning at z ~ 2.5 - 3.0: The first strikes of the Hubble fork
• Chandra and Hubble Space Telescope observations of dark gamma-ray bursts and their host galaxies
• The metallicity and star formation activity of long gamma-ray burst hosts for z$<$3: insights from the Illustris simulation
• The OTELO survey as a morphological probe. Last ten Gyr of galaxy evolution. The mass--size relation up to z=2
• Non-parametric Morphologies of Mergers in the Illustris Simulation
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: The Incidence of Major Mergers in type I and II AGN Host Galaxies in the DR15 sample
• Host galaxy properties and environment of obscured and unobscured X-ray selected Active Galactic Nuclei in the COSMOS survey
• Quantifying galaxy shapes: Sersiclets and beyond
• The rate and contribution of mergers to mass assembly from NIRCam observations of galaxy candidates up to 13.3 billion years ago
• Photometric studies of Abell 1664: The subtle effect a minor merger has on cluster galaxies
• Quantified HI Morphology VII: star-formation and tidal influence on local dwarf HI morphology
• On the Impact of Inclination-Dependent Attenuation on Derived Star Formation Histories: Results from Disk Galaxies in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey Fields
• Quantified HI Morphology V: HI Disks in the Virgo Cluster
• Galaxy Morphology Classification Using Multi-Scale Convolution Capsule Network
• A Search for Lyman Break Galaxies in the CDF-S Using Swift UVOT
• Rest-frame UV versus optical morphologies of galaxies using Sersic profile fitting: the importance of morphological K-correction
• Star-Forming, Rotating Spheroidal Galaxies in the GAMA and SAMI Surveys
• Bulgeless Galaxies at Intermediate Redshift: Sample Selection, Colour Properties, and the Existence of Powerful AGN
• The parallelism between galaxy clusters and early-type galaxies: I. The light and mass profiles
• The Origin of Neutral Hydrogen Clouds in Nearby Galaxy Groups: Exploring the Range Of Galaxy Interactions
• A tale of two tails: insights from simulations into the formation of the peculiar dwarf galaxy NGC 1427A
• Star Formation in High-Redshift Cluster Ellipticals
• Correlation of structure and stellar properties of galaxies in Stripe 82
• On the Anticorrelation Between Galaxy Light Concentration and X-ray-to-Optical Flux Ratio
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly: Group and field galaxy morphologies in the star-formation rate - stellar mass plane
• Bulgeless disks, dark galaxies, inverted color gradients, and other expected phenomena at higher z. The chromatic surface brightness modulation (CMOD) effect
• Classification of Extremely Red Objects in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field
• Three Dusty Star Forming Galaxies at $z\sim 1.5$: Mergers and Disks on the Main Sequence
• Morphological Evolution of the Hosts of Far-Infrared/Submillimeter Galaxies
• The Gini Coefficient as a Morphological Measurement of Strongly Lensed Galaxies in the Image Plane
• Environmental impacts on the rest-frame UV size and morphology ofstar-forming galaxies at $z\sim 2$
• Internal kinematics of spiral galaxies in distant clusters IV. Gas kinematics of spiral galaxies in intermediate redshift clusters and in the field
• The mass dependence of structure, star formation rate, and mass assembly mode at 0.5<z< 2.5
• Structures, stellar population properties, AGN fractions, and environments of massive compact galaxies at $1<z<2$ in 3D--{\it HST}/CANDELS
• Emulating Sunyaev-Zeldovich Images of Galaxy Clusters using Auto-Encoders
• Signatures of Massive Black Hole Merger Host Galaxies from Cosmological Simulations I: Unique Galaxy Morphologies in Imaging
• Diagnostic diagrams for ram-pressure stripped candidates
• Revealing the quiescent galaxy population in the Spiderweb protocluster at z=2.16 with deep HST/WFC3 slitless spectroscopy
• Unveiling Galaxy Morphology through an Unsupervised-Supervised Hybrid Approach
• MOSEL survey: JWST reveals major mergers/strong interactions drive the extreme emission lines in the early universe
• Early results from GLASS-JWST. XX: Unveiling a population of "red-excess'' galaxies in Abell2744 and in the coeval field
• The luminosity function of ringed galaxies
• The MOSDEF Survey: An Improved Voronoi Binning Technique on Spatially Resolved Stellar Populations at z~2
• A morphological study of galaxies in ZwCl0024+1652, a galaxy cluster at redshift z $\sim$ 0.4
• The effect of the environment on the structure, morphology and star-formation history of intermediate-redshift galaxies
• Towards Studying Hierarchical Assembly in Real Time: A Milky Way Progenitor Galaxy at z = 2.36 under the Microscope
• JWST/MIRI unveils the stellar component of the GN20 dusty galaxy overdensity at $z$=4.05
• The Role of Bulge Formation in the Homogenization of Stellar Populations at $z\sim 2$ as revealed by Internal Color Dispersion in CANDELS
• Little impact of mergers and galaxy morphology on the production and escape of ionizing photons in the early Universe
• Non-Parametric Cell-Based Photometric Proxies for Galaxy Morphology: Methodology and Application to the Morphologically-Defined Star Formation -- Stellar Mass Relation of Spiral Galaxies in the Local Universe
• MIDIS. Near-infrared rest-frame morphology of massive galaxies at $3<z<5$ in the Hubble eXtreme Deep Field
• Detection of the 2175Å UV Bump at z>7: Evidence for Rapid Dust Evolution in a Merging Reionisation-Era Galaxy
• The SRG/eROSITA all-sky survey: The morphologies of clusters of galaxies I: A catalogue of morphological parameters
• RemoveYoung: A tool for the removal of the young stellar component in galaxies within an adjustable age cutoff
• A UV Ultra-luminous Lyman Break Galaxy at Z=2.78 in NDWFS Bootes Field
• The effect of the morphological quenching mechanism on star formation activity at 0.5 < z < 1.5 in 3D-HST/CANDELS
• Mock Galaxy Surveys for HST and JWST from the IllustrisTNG Simulations
• The physical properties of massive green valley galaxies as a function of environments at $0.5<z<2.5$ in 3D-\textit{HST}/CANDELS fields
• The bimodality of the 10k zCOSMOS-bright galaxies up to z ~ 1: a new statistical and portable classification based on the optical galaxy properties
• Exploring the Gas-Phase Metallicity Gradients of Star-forming Galaxies at Cosmic Noon
• The growth of bulges and discs in relatively HI-rich galaxies: indication from HI scaling relations
• Demographics of Sloan Digital Sky Survey galaxies along the Hubble sequence
• Asymmetry Revisited: The Effect of Dust Attenuation and Galaxy Inclination
• A Relationship of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Features with Galaxy Merger in Star-forming Galaxies at $z<0.2$
• The Morphological Transformation of Red-Sequence Galaxies in the Distant Cluster XMMU J1229+0151
• Low Surface Brightness structures from annotated deep CFHT images: effects of the host galaxy's properties and environment
• A new fitting concept for the robust determination of Sérsic model parameters
• A Morphological Study on Galaxies Hosting Optical Variability-Selected AGNs in the COSMOS Field
• Using EAGLE simulations to study the effect of observational constraints on the determination of HI asymmetries in galaxies
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: Unveiling Galaxy Interaction by Merger Stages with Machine Learning
• Linking the Structural Properties of Galaxies and their Star Formation Histories with STAGES
• Physical and Morphological Properties of [O II] Emitting Galaxies in the HETDEX Pilot Survey
• Merger identification through photometric bands, colours, and their errors
• The Lyman Alpha Reference Sample IX: Revelations from deep surface photometry
• The SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey: The EGS deep field -- III. The evolution of faint submillimeter galaxies at $z<4$
• Physical Origins of Outflowing Cold Clouds in Local Star-forming Dwarf Galaxies
• A Panchromatic Catalog of Early-Type Galaxies at Intermediate Redshift in the Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 Early Release Science Field
• Locations and Morphologies of Jellyfish Galaxies in A2744 and A370
• Bayesian bulge-disc decomposition of galaxy images
• The PSF Smoothing Effect on Concentration-Related Parameters of High Redshift Galaxies in HST and JWST
• Antlia Dwarf Galaxy: Distance, quantitative morphology and recent formation history via statistical field correction
• AEGIS: Galaxy Spectral Energy Distributions from the X-Ray to Radio
• MACS J0553.4-3342: A young merging galaxy cluster caught through the eyes of Chandra and HST
• Noise reduction on single-shot images using an autoencoder
• WALLABY Pilot Survey: Hydra Cluster Galaxies UV and HI morphometrics
• Environmental effects on galaxy evolution. II: quantifying the tidal features in NIR-images of the cluster Abell 85
• A grand-design spiral galaxy 1.5 billion years after the Big Bang with JWST
• Determining the time before or after a galaxy merger event
• Galaxy Zoo JWST: Up to 75% of discs are featureless at $3<z<7$
• On the application of dimensionality reduction and clustering algorithms for the classification of kinematic morphologies of galaxies
• Multi-wavelength landscape of the young galaxy cluster RXJ1257.2+4738 at z=0.866. II. Morphological properties
• Measuring Galaxy Asymmetries in 3D
• Galaxy pairs in The Three Hundred simulations: a study on the performance of observational pair-finding techniques
• The properties and environment of very young galaxies in the local Universe
• A Deep Census of Outlying Star Formation in the M101 Group
• Local Two-Sample Testing: A New Tool for Analysing High-Dimensional Astronomical Data
• Properties of IR selected Active Galactic Nuclei
• Morphology and structure of BzK-selected galaxies at z~2 in the CANDELS-COSMOS field
• Signatures of Massive Black Hole Merger Host Galaxies from Cosmological Simulations II: Unique Stellar Kinematics in Integral Field Unit Spectroscopy
• Learning with many experts: model selection and sparsity
• The nature of [S III]λλ9096, 9532 emitters at z = 1.34 and 1.23
• The abundance of massive compact galaxies at $1.0<z<3.0$ in 3D-HST/CANDELS
• An HI story of galaxies in Abell 2626 and beyond
• Investigating the Core Morphology-Seyfert Class relationship with Hubble Space Telescope Archival Images of local Seyfert galaxies
• Cosmic reflections I: the structural diversity of simulated and observed low-mass galaxy analogues
• STRRINGS: STReams in Residual Images of Nearby GalaxieS
• A Machine Learning Approach to Enhancing eROSITA Observations
• XXL-HSC: Host properties of X-ray detected AGNs in XXL clusters
• Galaxy Imaging with Generative Models: Insights from a Two-Models Framework
• Enhanced Nitrogen in Morphologically Disturbed Blue Compact Galaxies at 0.20 < z < 0.35: Probing Galaxy Merging Features
• A MaNGA view of isolated galaxy mergers in the star-forming Main Sequence
• The Ly$\alpha$ and Continuum Origins Survey. III. Investigating the Link between Galaxy Morphology, Merger Properties and LyC Escape
• The S-PLUS Fornax Project (S+FP): Mapping H$\alpha$+[NII] emission in 77 Fornax galaxy members reaching $\sim$4 Rvir
• Identification of ram pressure stripping features in galaxies using citizen science
• How the spectral energy distribution and galaxy morphology constrain each other, with application to morphological selection using galaxy colours
• An efficient unsupervised classification model for galaxy morphology: Voting clustering based on coding from ConvNeXt large model
• A Morphological Study on AGN-host Dwarf Galaxies
• A Large Massive Quiescent Galaxy Sample at z~1.2
• Efficient detection of emission line galaxies in the Cl0016+1609 and MACSJ1621.4+3810 supercluster filaments using SITELLE
• Intrinsic and Environmental Effects on the Distribution of Star Formation in TNG100 Galaxies
• Are There Local Analogs of Lyman Break Galaxies?
• The effect of environment on the properties of the most massive galaxies at $0.5<z<2.5$ in the cosmos-dash field
• Using dust to constrain dark matter models
• Mock Observations: Morphological Analysis of Galaxies in TNG100 Simulations
• Euclid preparation. LXVII. Deep learning true galaxy morphologies for weak lensing shear bias calibration
• A Shallow Slope for the Stellar Mass--Angular Momentum Relation of Star-Forming Galaxies at $1.5<z<2.5$
• JWST reveals extended stellar disks for ALMA-bright dusty star-forming galaxies in the Spiderweb protocluster
• Identification and Properties of Isolated Field Elliptical Galaxies from CFHTLS-W1
• The MOSDEF Survey: Probing Resolved Stellar Populations at $z\sim 2$ Using a New Bayesian-defined Morphology Metric Called Patchiness
• Feedback from intermediate mass black holes on dwarf galaxy morphology at z=2
• Asymmetry measures for QSOs and companions
• COSMOS2025: Machine Learning Classification of Early- and Late-type Galaxies at 0 < z < 3
• HI asymmetries in spatially resolved SIMBA galaxies
• Unveiling the Dark Side of UV/Optical Bright Galaxies: Optically Thick Dust Absorption
• An Observationally Driven Multifield Approach for Probing the Circum-Galactic Medium with Convolutional Neural Networks
• Kinematical Fluctuations Vary with Galaxy Surface Mass Density
• Quantitatively rating galaxy simulations against real observations with anomaly detection
• The Nature of LoBAL QSOs: II. HST/WFC3 Observations Reveal Host Galaxies Dominated by Mergers
• A machine learning approach to assessing the presence of substructure in quasar host galaxies using the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program
• Evolution of Size, Mass, and Density of Galaxies Since Cosmic Dawn
• Automatic morphological classification of galaxies: convolutional autoencoder and bagging-based multiclustering model
• A continuum of structure and stellar content from Virgo cluster early-type dwarfs to giants?
• Lower-Luminosity Obscured AGN Host Galaxies are Not Predominantly in Major-Merging Systems at Cosmic Noon
• Quantitative analysis of the molecular gas morphology in nearby disk galaxies
• Classifying merger stages with adaptive deep learning and cosmological hydrodynamical simulations
• Asymmetry at Low Surface Brightness as an Indicator of Environmental Processes in the Fornax Cluster
• Host galaxy and nuclear properties of IR-selected AGNs with and without outflow signatures
• The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey (NGVS). XL. The Morphological Classification of Virgo Cluster Galaxies
• Oxford SWIFT IFS and multi-wavelength observations of the Eagle galaxy at z=0.77
• Identification of Anomalous E+A Galaxies in GAMA Using an Isolation Forest
• Probing the influence of the protocluster environment on galaxy morphology at z = 2.23
• Evidence for Multiple Types of Post-Starburst Galaxies
• Morphology and structure of extremely red objects at $z\sim 1$ in the CANDELS-COSMOS field
• The major merger-active galactic nucleus connection up to the cosmic noon
• Compact [OIII] emission-line regions ("Green Seeds") in $\mathrm{H}\alpha$ emitters at Cosmic Noon from JWST Observations
• uGMRT and MeerKAT observation of RXCJ0232-4420: a quiet cluster with a giant radio halo
• Bridging Simulations and Observations: New Insights into Galaxy Formation Simulations via Out-of-Distribution Detection and Bayesian Model Comparison
• DeepMerge: Classifying High-redshift Merging Galaxies with Deep Neural Networks
• Evaluating the Accuracy of Non-parametric Galaxy Morphological Indicator Measurements in the CSST Imaging Survey
• Disclosing Submillimeter Galaxy Formation: Mergers or Secular Evolution?
• Teaching decision theory proof strategies using a crowdsourcing problem
• Study of AGN contribution on morphological parameters of their host galaxies
• Global and Local Two-Sample Tests via Regression
• Are all post-starbursts mergers? HST reveals hidden disturbances in the majority of PSBs
• Deciphering galaxy images using machine vision -- Combining variational autoencoder and principal component analysis for feature extraction
• Kinematical small-scale fluctuations do not affect the measurement of the dynamical mass of galaxies
• CHEX-MATE: Morphological analysis of the sample
• Effect of AGN on the morphological properties of their host galaxies in the local Universe
• A Simulation Driven Deep Learning Approach for Separating Mergers and Star Forming Galaxies: The Formation Histories of Clumpy Galaxies in all the CANDELS Fields
• Merger or Not: Accounting for Human Biases in Identifying Galactic Merger Signatures
• Accelerated Computation of a High Dimensional Kolmogorov-Smirnov Distance
• Merger fraction in galaxy groups and clusters at z < 0.2: A non-parametric morphological study with Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam
• Separating the Optical to Near-Infrared Light of AGN and Their Host Galaxies
• Quantifying Radio Source Morphology
• Newcomers and suburbanites can drive the evolution of the size-stellar mass relation of early type galaxies in galaxy clusters
• Can AI Dream of Unseen Galaxies? Conditional Diffusion Model for Galaxy Morphology Augmentation
• Quantifying the Poor Purity and Completeness of Morphological Samples Selected by Galaxy Colour
• Observed structural parameters of EAGLE galaxies: reconciling the mass-size relation in simulations with local observations
• When do early-type galaxies form?
• Advanced morphology of VIPERS galaxies
• Ground-based Pa$\alpha$ Narrow-band Imaging of Local Luminous Infrared Galaxies II: Bulge Structure And Star Formation Activity
• A multiwavelength study of near- and mid-infrared selected galaxies at high redshift: ERGs, AGN-identification and the contribution from dust
• The Vcirc-sigma0 Relation of Galaxies
• Structural and morphological properties of ultraluminous infrared galaxies at $1<z<3$
• The SRG/eROSITA all-sky survey: The morphologies of clusters of galaxies: II. The intrinsic distributions of morphological parameters
• The Compact Star-Forming Galaxies at $2<z<3$ in 3D-HST/CANDELS: AGN and Non-AGN Physical Properties
• MIDIS: Quantifying the AGN component of X-ray-detected galaxies
• Morphologies for DECaLS Galaxies through a combination of non-parametric indices and machine learning methods: A comprehensive catalog using the Galaxy Morphology Extractor (galmex) code