Co-evolution of supermassive black holes with galaxies from semi-analytic model: stochastic gravitational wave background and black hole clustering

Abstract

We study the co-evolution of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) with galaxies by means of semi-analytic model (SAM) of galaxy formation based on sub-halo merger trees built from Millennium and Millennium-II simulation. We utilize the simulation results from Guo 2013 and Henriques 2015 to study two aspects of the co-evolution, \emph{i.e.} the stochastic gravitational wave (GW) background generated by SMBH merger and the SMBH/galaxy clustering. The characteristic strain amplitude of GW background predicted by Guo 2013 and Henriques 2015 models are $A_{y{r}^{-1}}=5.00\times 10^{-16}$ and $A_{y{r}^{-1}}=9.42\times 10^{-17}$, respectively. We find the GW amplitude is very sensitive to the galaxy merger rate. The difference in the galaxy merger rate between Guo 2013 and Henriques 2015, results in a factor $5$ deviation in the GW strain amplitude. For clusterings, we calculate the spatially isotropic two point auto- and cross-correlation functions (2PCFs) for both SMBHs and galaxies by using the mock catalogs generated from Guo 2013 model. We find that all 2PCFs have positive dependence on both SMBH and galaxy mass. And there exist a significant time evolution in 2PCFs, namely, the clustering effect is enhanced at lower redshifts. Interestingly, this result is not reported in the active galactic nuclei samples in SDSS. Our analysis also shows that, roughly, SMBHs and galaxies, with galaxy mass $10^2\sim 10^3$ larger than SMBH mass, have similar pattern of clustering, which is a reflection of the co-evolution of SMBH and galaxy. Finally, we calculate the first ten multiples of the angular power spectrum of the energy density of GW background. We find the amplitude of angular power spectrum of the first ten multiples is about $10\%$ to $60\%$ of the monopole component in the whole frequency range.

arXiv comment13 pages, 9 figures

References in corpus (64)

• Simulating the joint evolution of quasars, galaxies and their large-scale distribution
• A Fundamental Relation Between Supermassive Black Holes and Their Host Galaxies
• The Demography of Massive Dark Objects in Galaxy Centres
• The many lives of active galactic nuclei: cooling flows, black holes and the luminosities and colours of galaxies
• Energy input from quasars regulates the growth and activity of black holes and their host galaxies
• High Redshift Galaxies in the Hubble Deep Field. Color Selection and Star Formation History to z=4
• Gasdynamics and Starbursts in Major Mergers
• The hierarchical formation of the brightest cluster galaxies
• A Cosmological Framework for the Co-Evolution of Quasars, Supermassive Black Holes, and Elliptical Galaxies: I. Galaxy Mergers & Quasar Activity
• From dwarf spheroidals to cDs: Simulating the galaxy population in a LCDM cosmology
• Cosmological Evolution of the Hard X-ray AGN Luminosity Function and the Origin of the Hard X-ray Background
• The Sloan Digital Sky Survey Quasar Catalog V. Seventh Data Release
• Resolving Cosmic Structure Formation with the Millennium-II Simulation
• The international pulsar timing array project: using pulsars as a gravitational wave detector
• Galaxy formation in the Planck Cosmology - I. Matching the observed evolution of star formation rates, colours and stellar masses
• A primer on hierarchical galaxy formation: the semi-analytical approach
• European Pulsar Timing Array Limits On An Isotropic Stochastic Gravitational-Wave Background
• The Parkes Pulsar Timing Array Project
• Gravitational waves from binary supermassive black holes missing in pulsar observations
• The International Pulsar Timing Array: First Data Release
• Gravitational Waves Probe the Coalescence Rate of Massive Black Hole Binaries
• Clustering of High Redshift ($z\ge 2.9$) Quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• Major Galaxy Mergers Only Trigger the Most Luminous AGN
• Low-Frequency Gravitational Waves from Massive Black Hole Binaries: Predictions for LISA and Pulsar Timing Arrays
• Galaxy Formation Theory
• Galaxy formation in WMAP1 and WMAP7 cosmologies
• The NANOGrav Nine-year Data Set: Limits on the Isotropic Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background
• Massive Black Hole Binary Evolution
• Clustering of Low-Redshift (z <= 2.2) Quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• Quasar Clustering from SDSS DR5: Dependences on Physical Properties
• Massive Black Hole Binary Mergers in Dynamical Galactic Environments
• Galaxy growth in the concordance $\Lambda$CDM cosmology
• Efficient Merger of Binary Supermassive Black Holes in Merging Galaxies
• Systematic investigation of the expected gravitational wave signal from supermassive black hole binaries in the pulsar timing band
• The NANOGrav Nine-year Data Set: Observations, Arrival Time Measurements, and Analysis of 37 Millisecond Pulsars
• Eccentricity of supermassive black hole binaries coalescing from gas rich mergers
• Fast coalescence of massive black hole binaries from mergers of galactic nuclei: implications for low-frequency gravitational-wave astrophysics
• Clustering of intermediate redshift quasars using the final SDSS III-BOSS sample
• Characterising gravitational wave stochastic background anisotropy with Pulsar Timing Arrays
• AEGIS: The Clustering of X-ray AGN Relative to Galaxies at z~1
• Self consistent model for the evolution of eccentric massive black hole binaries in stellar environments: implications for gravitational wave observations
• Searching For Anisotropic Gravitational-wave Backgrounds Using Pulsar Timing Arrays
• The European Pulsar Timing Array: current efforts and a LEAP toward the future
• The Final Parsec Problem
• The Effect of Orbital Eccentricity on Gravitational Wave Background Radiation from Supermassive Black Hole Binaries
• Galaxy Formation Spanning Cosmic History
• Loss Cone Dynamics
• Binary super-massive black hole environments diminish the gravitational-wave signal in the pulsar timing band
• Evolution of Galactic Nuclei. I. orbital evolution of IMBH
• The Spatial Clustering of ROSAT All-Sky Survey AGNs III. Expanded Sample and Comparison with Optical AGNs
• Selection bias in dynamically-measured super-massive black hole samples: consequences for pulsar timing arrays
• Clustering of Radio Galaxies and Quasars
• Binary Black Hole Merger in Galactic Nuclei: Post-Newtonian Simulations
• Limits on anisotropy in the nanohertz stochastic gravitational-wave background
• Pulsar Timing Array Analysis for Black Hole Backgrounds
• QSO-LRG 2-Point Cross-Correlation Function and Redshift-Space Distorions
• Observational constraints on the co-evolution of supermassive black holes and galaxies
• Mergers and Star Formation: The environment and Stellar Mass Growth of the Progenitors of Ultra-Massive Galaxies since z = 2
• Black hole clustering and duty cycles in the Illustris simulation
• Anisotropies in the gravitational wave background as a probe of the cosmic string network
• Pulsar timing arrays and the challenge of massive black hole binary astrophysics
• Quasar clustering in a galaxy and quasar formation model based on ultra high-resolution N-body simulations
• A Cross-correlation Analysis of AGN and Galaxies using Virtual Observatory: Dependence on Virial Mass of Super-Massive Black Hole
• Properties of Galaxies around AGNs with Most Massive Supermassive Black Hole Revealed by the Clustering Analysis

Cited by in corpus (5)

• Science with the TianQin observatory: Preliminary results on massive black hole binaries
• The Formation and Evolution of Massive Galaxies
• Exploring the multiband gravitational wave background with a semi-analytic galaxy formation model
• Anisotropy of Nanohertz Gravitational Wave Background and Source Clustering from Supermassive Binary Black Holes Based on Cosmological Simulation
• Probing the mass relation between supermassive black holes and dark matter halos at high redshifts by gravitational wave experiments