The International Pulsar Timing Array: First Data Release

Abstract

The highly stable spin of neutron stars can be exploited for a variety of (astro-)physical investigations. In particular arrays of pulsars with rotational periods of the order of milliseconds can be used to detect correlated signals such as those caused by gravitational waves. Three such "Pulsar Timing Arrays" (PTAs) have been set up around the world over the past decades and collectively form the "International" PTA (IPTA). In this paper, we describe the first joint analysis of the data from the three regional PTAs, i.e. of the first IPTA data set. We describe the available PTA data, the approach presently followed for its combination and suggest improvements for future PTA research. Particular attention is paid to subtle details (such as underestimation of measurement uncertainty and long-period noise) that have often been ignored but which become important in this unprecedentedly large and inhomogeneous data set. We identify and describe in detail several factors that complicate IPTA research and provide recommendations for future pulsar timing efforts. The first IPTA data release presented here (and available online) is used to demonstrate the IPTA's potential of improving upon gravitational-wave limits placed by individual PTAs by a factor of ~2 and provides a 2-sigma limit on the dimensionless amplitude of a stochastic GWB of 1.7x10^{-15} at a frequency of 1 yr^{-1}. This is 1.7 times less constraining than the limit placed by (Shannon et al. 2015), due mostly to the more recent, high-quality data they used.

25 pages, 6 tables, 5 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS

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• Testing compact massive black hole binary candidates through multi-epoch spectroscopy
• Measuring the scalar induced gravitational waves from observations
• The Chinese Pulsar Timing Array data release I. Single pulsar noise analysis
• Gravitational Wave From Axion-like Particle Inflation
• Unravelling the formation of the first supermassive black holes with the SKA pulsar timing array
• Gravitational Waves, Extreme Astrophysics, and Fundamental Physics with Precision Pulsar Timing
• Detailed study of detection method for ultra-low-frequency gravitational waves with pulsar spin-down rate statistics
• Improving pulsar-timing solutions through dynamic pulse fitting
• Multi-band Extension of the Wideband Timing Technique
• Probing PeV scale SUSY-breaking with Satellite Galaxies and Primordial Gravitational Waves
• Never bet against Einstein
• Pulsar timing and polarimetry: results and perspectives
• Exploring the multiband gravitational wave background with a semi-analytic galaxy formation model
• Unveiling the existence of nontensorial gravitational-wave polarizations from individual supermassive black hole binaries with pulsar timing arrays
• Improving pulsar timing precision through superior Time-of-Arrival creation
• Searching for Anisotropy in the Gravitational Wave Background Using the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array
• Constraints on ultra-low-frequency gravitational waves with statistics of pulsar spin-down rates II: Mann-Whitney U test
• Measuring the primordial curvature perturbations from the scalar induced gravitational waves
• Rapid Construction of Joint Pulsar Timing Array Datasets: The Lite Method
• On-the-Fly Mapping of New Pulsars
• Anisotropy of Nanohertz Gravitational Wave Background and Source Clustering from Supermassive Binary Black Holes Based on Cosmological Simulation
• Robust parameter estimation from pulsar timing data
• Measuring the primordial gravitational waves from cosmic microwave background and stochastic gravitational wave background observations
• Prospects for gravitational wave astronomy with next generation large-scale pulsar timing arrays
• Measuring $H_0$ with pulsar timing arrays
• A nontrivial footprint of standard cosmology in the future observations of low-frequency gravitational waves
• Tracing the Evolution of SMBHs and Stellar Objects in Galaxy Mergers: An Multi-mass Direct N-body Model
• Detecting the heterodyning of gravitational waves
• An estimate of the gravitational-wave background from the observed cosmological distribution of quasars
• The Host Galaxies of PTA Sources: Converting Supermassive BH Binary Parameters into EM Observables
• The effect of the Solar wind on low-frequency observations of pulsars
• An updated constraint for the Gravitational Wave Background from the Gamma-ray Pulsar Timing Array
• Long-term Timing Results of Ecliptic Pulsars Observed with I-LOFAR
• The Indian Pulsar Timing Array Data Release 2: II. Customised Single-Pulsar Noise Analysis and Noise Budget
• Can a time evolving, asymmetric broad line region mimic a massive black hole binary?
• Efficient prescription to search for linear gravitational wave memory from hyperbolic black hole encounters and its application to the NANOGrav 12.5-year dataset
• Improving DM estimates using low-frequency scattering-broadening estimates
• Geodesic Noise and Gravitational Wave Observations by Pulsar Timing Arrays
• The impact of outliers on pulsar timing arrays
• Modeling the Beam of Gravitational Radiation from a Cosmic String Loop
• Enabling pulsar and fast transient searches using coherent dedispersion
• Statistical Analyses for NANOGrav 5-year Timing Residuals
• Multi-wavelength properties of $z\gtrsim 6$ LISA detectable events
• Searching for unresolved massive black hole pairs through AGN photometric variability
• Deciphering Profile Stability in Millisecond Pulsars: Timescales, Frequency Evolution, and Implications on Emission Mechanisms
• Prospects for High-Frequency Gravitational-Wave Detection with GEO600
• Solar-System Studies with Pulsar Timing Arrays
• Upper limits on microhertz gravitational waves from supermassive black-hole binaries using PSR J1909-3744 data from the second IPTA data release
• A Parallelized Bayesian Approach To Accelerated Gravitational-Wave Background Characterization
• Graph-based Summary Statistics for Revealing the Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background in Pulsar Timing Arrays
• Analysis of some classical and quantum aspects of black holes
• Stochastic Gravitational-Wave Background from Stellar Core-Collapse Events
• Description and Application of the Surfing Effect
• Non canonical polarizations of Gravitational Waves