Gravitational waves from binary supermassive black holes missing in pulsar observations

Abstract

Gravitational waves are expected to be radiated by supermassive black hole binaries formed during galaxy mergers. A stochastic superposition of gravitational waves from all such binary systems will modulate the arrival times of pulses from radio pulsars. Using observations of millisecond pulsars obtained with the Parkes radio telescope, we constrain the characteristic amplitude of this background, $A_{\mathrm{c},\mathrm{yr}}$, to be < $1.0\times 10^{-15}$ with 95% confidence. This limit excludes predicted ranges for $A_{\mathrm{c},\mathrm{yr}}$ from current models with 91-99.7% probability. We conclude that binary evolution is either stalled or dramatically accelerated by galactic-center environments, and that higher-cadence and shorter-wavelength observations would result in an increased sensitivity to gravitational waves.

Published in Science 25 September 2015

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• Stability of non-topological string in supersymmetric $SU(2)\times U(1)$ gauge theory
• Primordial blackholes from Gauss-Bonnet-corrected single field inflation
• Tracing the Evolution of SMBHs and Stellar Objects in Galaxy Mergers: An Multi-mass Direct N-body Model
• Probing the mass relation between supermassive black holes and dark matter halos at high redshifts by gravitational wave experiments
• Revealing two radio active galactic nuclei extremely near PSR J0437$-$4715
• Signal photon flux generated by high-frequency relic gravitational waves
• Rapid Construction of Joint Pulsar Timing Array Datasets: The Lite Method
• Conceptual design and science cases of a juggled interferometer for gravitational wave detection
• An updated constraint for the Gravitational Wave Background from the Gamma-ray Pulsar Timing Array
• Observation of Gravitational Waves by Invariants for Electromagnetic Waves
• Modified cosmology through generalized mass-to-horizon entropy: implications for structure growth and primordial gravitational waves
• The effect of cooling on the accretion of circumprimary discs inmerging supermassive black hole binaries
• Simulating first-order phase transition during inflation
• Complementary signatures of $\alpha -$attractor inflation in CMB and cosmic string Gravitational Waves
• Imprints of an early matter-dominated era arising from dark matter dilution mechanism on cosmic string dynamics and gravitational wave signatures
• Collapsing domain walls with ${\mathbb{Z}}_2$-violating coupling to thermalized fermions and their impact on gravitational wave detections
• Extending the Observational Frequency Range for Gravitational Waves in a Pulsar Timing Array
• Pulsar Acceleration Shifts from nearby Supernova Explosion
• Machine Learning for Nanohertz Gravitational Wave Detection and Parameter Estimation with Pulsar Timing Array
• Primordial black holes and uncertainties in the choice of the window function
• Observation of polarized stochastic gravitational-wave background in pulsar-timing-array experiments
• Gravitational wave complementarity and impact of NANOGrav data on gravitational leptogenesis: cosmic strings
• Cosmology of the companion-axion model: dark matter, gravitational waves, and primordial black holes
• Upper limits on microhertz gravitational waves from supermassive black-hole binaries using PSR J1909-3744 data from the second IPTA data release