Gravitational waves from supermassive black hole binaries in ultra-luminous infrared galaxies

Abstract

Gravitational waves (GWs) in the nano-hertz band are great tools for understanding the cosmological evolution of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in galactic nuclei. We consider SMBH binaries in high-$z$ ultra-luminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs) as sources of a stochastic GW background (GWB). ULIRGs are likely associated with gas-rich galaxy mergers containing SMBHs that possibly occur at most once in the life of galaxies, unlike multiple dry mergers at low redshift. Adopting a well-established sample of ULIRGs, we study the properties of the GWB due to coalescing binary SMBHs in these galaxies. Since the ULIRG population peaks at $z>1.5$, the amplitude of the GWB is not affected even if BH mergers are delayed by as long as $\sim$ 10 Gyrs. Despite the rarity of the high-$z$ ULIRGs, we find a tension with the upper limits from Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) experiments. This result suggests that if a fraction $f_{\mathrm{m},\mathrm{gal}}$ of ULIRGs are associated with SMBH binaries, then no more than $20f_{\mathrm{m},\mathrm{gal}}({\lambda }_{\mathrm{Edd}}/0.3{)}^{5/3}(t_{\mathrm{life}}/30\mathrm{Myr})\%$ of the binary SMBHs in ULIRGs can merge within a Hubble time, for plausible values of the Eddington ratio of ULIRGs (${\lambda }_{\mathrm{Edd}}$) and their lifetime ($t_{\mathrm{life}}$).

7 pages, 4 figures, 1 table, Published in ApJL

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