European Pulsar Timing Array Limits On An Isotropic Stochastic Gravitational-Wave Background

Abstract

We present new limits on an isotropic stochastic gravitational-wave background (GWB) using a six pulsar dataset spanning 18 yr of observations from the 2015 European Pulsar Timing Array data release. Performing a Bayesian analysis, we fit simultaneously for the intrinsic noise parameters for each pulsar, along with common correlated signals including clock, and Solar System ephemeris errors, obtaining a robust 95$\%$ upper limit on the dimensionless strain amplitude $A$ of the background of $A<3.0\times 10^{-15}$ at a reference frequency of $1\mathrm{y}{\mathrm{r}}^{-1}$ and a spectral index of $13/3$, corresponding to a background from inspiralling super-massive black hole binaries, constraining the GW energy density to ${\Omega }_{\mathrm{gw}}(f)h^2<1.1\times 10^{-9}$ at 2.8 nHz. We also present limits on the correlated power spectrum at a series of discrete frequencies, and show that our sensitivity to a fiducial isotropic GWB is highest at a frequency of $\sim 5\times 10^{-9}$~Hz. Finally we discuss the implications of our analysis for the astrophysics of supermassive black hole binaries, and present 95$\%$ upper limits on the string tension, $G\mu /c^2$, characterising a background produced by a cosmic string network for a set of possible scenarios, and for a stochastic relic GWB. For a Nambu-Goto field theory cosmic string network, we set a limit $G\mu /c^2<1.3\times 10^{-7}$, identical to that set by the {\it Planck} Collaboration, when combining {\it Planck} and high-$\ell$ Cosmic Microwave Background data from other experiments. For a stochastic relic background we set a limit of ${\Omega }_{\mathrm{gw}}^{\mathrm{relic}}(f)h^2<1.2\times 10^{-9}$, a factor of 9 improvement over the most stringent limits previously set by a pulsar timing array.

24 pages, 5 tables, 17 figures

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• Scalar induced gravitational waves review
• Future targets for light gauge bosons from cosmic strings
• The 31-year Rotation History of the Millisecond Pulsar J1939+2134 (B1937+21)
• Scalar-Induced Gravitational Waves in a $\Lambda$CDM Cosmology
• Identifying extra high frequency gravitational waves generated from oscillons with cuspy potentials using deep neural networks
• The refractive index of the relic gravitons and the nHz band
• Toward Astrometric Constraints on a Supermassive Black Hole Binary in the Early-Type Galaxy NGC\,4472
• Reducing instrumental errors in Parkes Pulsar Timing Array data
• Synthetic Gravitational Waves from a Rolling Axion Monodromy
• Probing $z\gtrsim 6$ massive black holes with gravitational waves
• Improving the detection sensitivity to primordial stochastic gravitational waves with reduced astrophysical foregrounds. II. Subthreshold binary neutron stars
• Imprints of massive black-hole binaries on neighbouring decihertz gravitational-wave sources
• LISA as a probe for particle physics: electroweak scale tests in synergy with ground-based experiments
• Damping of long wavelength gravitational waves by the intergalactic medium
• Gravitational Wave Probe of Primordial Black Hole Origin via Superradiance
• Probing intermediate scale Froggatt-Nielsen models at future gravitational wave observatories
• Detailed study of detection method for ultra-low-frequency gravitational waves with pulsar spin-down rate statistics
• Supersymmetric Clockwork Axion Model and Axino Dark Matter
• Exploring the multiband gravitational wave background with a semi-analytic galaxy formation model
• Applying clock comparison methods to pulsar timing observations
• Bounds from multi-messenger astronomy on the Super Heavy Dark Matter
• A nontrivial footprint of standard cosmology in the future observations of low-frequency gravitational waves
• Signal photon flux generated by high-frequency relic gravitational waves
• Conceptual design and science cases of a juggled interferometer for gravitational wave detection
• Primordial blackholes from Gauss-Bonnet-corrected single field inflation
• Gravitational wave induced baryon acoustic oscillations
• Non-Gaussianity of Tensor Induced Density Perturbations
• Magnetogenesis from Sawtooth Coupling: Gravitational Wave Probe of Reheating
• An updated constraint for the Gravitational Wave Background from the Gamma-ray Pulsar Timing Array
• Gravitational slingshots around black holes in a binary
• Constant-roll inflation and primordial black holes within Barrow entropic framework
• Statistical Analyses for NANOGrav 5-year Timing Residuals
• Optimizing signal recycling for detecting a stochastic gravitational-wave background
• Probing baryogenesis with gravitational waves
• Simulating first-order phase transition during inflation
• Complementary signatures of $\alpha -$attractor inflation in CMB and cosmic string Gravitational Waves
• Confronting SO(10) GUTs with proton decay and gravitational waves
• Imprints of an early matter-dominated era arising from dark matter dilution mechanism on cosmic string dynamics and gravitational wave signatures
• Gravitational wave energy spectral density properties from BPASS Galactic binary population in the Milky Way galaxy
• Axion Dark Matter Archaeology with Primordial Gravitational Waves
• Collapsing domain walls with ${\mathbb{Z}}_2$-violating coupling to thermalized fermions and their impact on gravitational wave detections
• Unification of Conformal and Fuzzy Gravities with Internal Interactions resulting in SO(10) and a Possible Probe through Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background
• Observation of polarized stochastic gravitational-wave background in pulsar-timing-array experiments
• Relic gravitons at intermediate frequencies and the expansion history of the Universe
• Stochastic gravitational wave background from the collisions of dark matter halos
• Primordial black holes and uncertainties in the choice of the window function
• Description and Application of the Surfing Effect
• Cosmic Collider Gravitational Waves sourced by Right-handed Neutrino production from Bubbles: Testing Seesaw, Leptogenesis and Dark Matter
• Gravitational Wave Gastronomy
• Finite temperature QCD crossover at non-zero chemical potential: A Dyson-Schwinger approach
• Covariant transverse-traceless projection for secondary gravitational waves
• Kination cosmology from scalar fields and gravitational-wave signatures
• Cosmology of the companion-axion model: dark matter, gravitational waves, and primordial black holes
• Pulsar observations with European telescopes for testing gravity and detecting gravitational waves
• The role of longitudinal polarizations in Horndeski and macroscopic gravity: Introducing gravitational plasmas
• Gravitational wave complementarity and impact of NANOGrav data on gravitational leptogenesis: cosmic strings