Probing Minimal Grand Unification through Gravitational Waves, Proton Decay, and Fermion Masses

Abstract

Motivated by the direct discovery of gravitational waves (GWs) from black holes and neutron stars, there is a growing interest in investigating GWs from other sources. Among them, GWs from cosmic strings are particularly fascinating since they naturally appear in a large class of grand unified theories (GUTs). Remarkably, a series of pulsar-timing arrays (PTAs) might have already observed GWs in the nHz regime, hinting towards forming a cosmic string network in the early universe, which could originate from phase transition associated with the seesaw scale emerging from GUT. In this work, we show that if these observations from PTAs are confirmed, GWs from cosmic strings, when combined with fermion masses, gauge coupling unification, and proton decay constraints, the parameter space of the minimal SO(10) GUT becomes exceedingly restrictive. The proposed minimal model is highly predictive and will be fully tested in a number of upcoming gravitational wave observatories.

arXiv comment31 pages + references. Comments are welcome. Version accepted in JHEP (to appear)

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• Inflationary interpretation of the stochastic gravitational wave background signal detected by pulsar timing array experiments
• Testing Realistic $SO(10)$ SUSY GUTs with Proton Decay and Gravitational Waves
• Gravitational wave emission from metastable current-carrying strings in $E_6$
• Gravitational waves from walls bounded by strings in $SO(10)$ model of pseudo-Goldstone dark matter
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• Probing quark-lepton correlation in GUTs with high-precision neutrino measurements
• Fermion masses and mixing in SO(10) GUT with a universal two-zero texture