Electromagnetic Counterparts to Massive Black Hole Mergers

Abstract

The next two decades are expected to open the door to the first coincident detections of electromagnetic (EM) and gravitational wave (GW) signatures associated with massive black hole (MBH) binaries heading for coalescence. These detections will launch a new era of multimessenger astrophysics by expanding this growing field to the low-frequency GW regime and will provide an unprecedented understanding of the evolution of MBHs and galaxies. They will also constitute fundamentally new probes of cosmology and would enable unique tests of gravity. The aim of this Living Review is to provide an introduction to this research topic by presenting a summary of key findings, physical processes and ideas pertaining to EM counterparts to MBH mergers as they are known at the time of this writing. We review current observational evidence for close MBH binaries, discuss relevant physical processes and timescales, and summarize the possible EM counterparts to GWs in the precursor, coalescence, and afterglow stages of a MBH merger. We also describe open questions and discuss future prospects in this dynamic and quick-paced research area.

arXiv commentInvited review article accepted for publication in Living Reviews in Relativity. 127 pages, 31 figures. The revised version includes reviewers' comments, updated references, new Table 1, and new Section 4.4

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• Precessional instability in binary black holes with aligned spins
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• MHD Simulation of a Disk Subjected to Lense-Thirring Precession
• Effects of post-Newtonian Spin Alignment on the Distribution of Black-Hole Recoils
• Star Clusters Around Recoiled Black Holes in the Milky Way Halo
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• Filling the disk hollow following binary black hole merger: The transient accretion afterglow
• Dynamical Evolution and Merger Time-scales of LISA Massive Black Hole Binaries in Disk Galaxy Mergers
• Galaxy Rotation and Supermassive Black Hole Binary Evolution
• Circumbinary Disk Accretion into Spinning Black Hole Binaries
• Cosmic Train Wreck by Massive Black Holes: Discovery of a kpc-Scale Triple Active Galactic Nucleus
• Relaxation of Warped Disks: the Case of Pure Hydrodynamics
• The Chandra View of Nearby X-shaped Radio Galaxies
• The observed $M-\sigma$ relations imply that SMBHs grow by cold chaotic accretion
• The peculiar optical spectrum of 4C+22.25: Imprint of a massive black hole binary?
• Robust determination of the major merger fraction at z = 0.6 in Groth Strip
• Fe K_alpha line: A tool to probe massive binary black holes in Active Galactic Nuclei?
• Constraints on the Nature of CID-42: Recoil Kick or Supermassive Black Hole Pair?
• Black hole masses and starbursts in X-shaped radio sources
• Gravitational Self-Lensing in Populations of Massive Black Hole Binaries
• Supermassive Black Hole Binaries: The Search Continues
• Probing the assembly history and dynamical evolution of massive black hole binaries with pulsar timing arrays
• 3D Relativistic MHD numerical simulations of X-shaped radio sources
• The Link Between Ejected Stars, Hardening and Eccentricity Growth of Super Massive Black Holes in Galactic Nuclei
• Population Estimates for Electromagnetically-Distinguishable Supermassive Binary Black Holes
• Restarting activity in the nucleus of PBC J2333.9-2343: an extreme case of jet realignment
• Estimating the Prompt Electromagnetic Luminosity of a Black Hole Merger
• Self-lensing flares from black hole binaries II: observing black hole shadows via light-curve tomography
• Massive Black Hole Binaries from the TNG50-3 Simulation: I. Coalescence and LISA Detection Rates
• Accretion and Orbital Inspiral in Gas-Assisted Supermassive Black Hole Binary Mergers
• Gaseous dynamical friction under radiative feedback: do intermediate-mass black holes speed up or down?
• An off-centered active galactic nucleus in NGC 3115
• Science with the X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM)
• The Quasar SDSS J153636.22+044127.0: A Double-Peaked Emitter in a Candidate Binary Black-Hole System
• Search of sub-parsec massive binary black holes through line diagnosis II
• Post-merger electromagnetic emissions from disks perturbed by binary black holes
• AGN on the move: A search for off-nuclear AGN from recoiling SMBHs and ongoing galaxy mergers with the Zwicky Transient Facility
• Imprints of recoiling massive black-holes on the hot gas of early type galaxies
• X-shaped Radio Galaxies: Optical Properties, Large-scale Environment and Relationship to Radio Structure
• Radiation reaction in the 2.5PN waveform from inspiralling binaries in circular orbits
• Witnessing the Birth of a Quasar
• Properties of Accretion Flows Around Coalescing Supermassive Black Holes
• Tidal disruption by extreme mass ratio binaries and application to ASASSN-15lh
• SDSS J1056+5516: A Triple AGN or an SMBH Recoil Candidate?
• No snow-plough mechanism during the rapid hardening of supermassive black hole binaries
• FIRST winged radio galaxies with X and Z symmetry
• Evolution Of Binary Supermassive Black Holes In Rotating Nuclei
• The effect of AGN feedback on the migration timescale of supermassive black holes binaries
• Galaxy Zoo: Multi-Mergers and the Millennium Simulation
• What Are "X-Shaped" Radio Sources Telling Us? II. Properties of a Sample of 87
• Massive black hole remnants of the first stars III: observational signatures from the past
• Modeling Flows Around Merging Black Hole Binaries
• Emission Lines as a Tool in Search for Supermassive Black Hole Binaries and Recoiling Black Holes
• Fully General Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of Accretion Flows onto Spinning Massive Black Hole Binary Mergers
• Multi-Messenger Astrophysics with Pulsar Timing Arrays
• Massive black hole binary plane reorientation in rotating stellar systems
• A Potential Recoiling Supermassive Black Hole CXO J101527.2+625911
• Post-Merger Jets from Supermassive Black Hole Coalescences as Electromagnetic Counterparts of Gravitational Wave Emission
• Multi-messenger Approaches to Supermassive Black Hole Binary Detection and Parameter Estimation: Implications for Nanohertz Gravitational Wave Searches with Pulsar Timing Arrays
• The recoiling black hole candidate 3C 186: spatially-resolved quasar feedback and further evidence of a blue-shifted broad line region
• Unusual Double-peaked Emission in the SDSS Quasar J093201.60+031858.7
• New insights from deep VLA data on the potentially recoiling black hole CID-42 in the COSMOS field
• Pairing of Massive Black Holes in Merger Galaxies Driven by Dynamical Friction
• Simulations of Recoiling Massive Black Holes in the Via Lactea Halo
• Electromagnetic signatures of supermassive black hole binaries resolved by PTAs
• New insights on the recoiling/binary black hole candidate J0927+2943 via molecular gas observations
• Detectability of modulated X-rays from LISA's supermassive black hole mergers
• Mass Distribution in the Central Few Parsecs of Our Galaxy
• SDSS J092712.64+294344.0: recoiling black hole or merging galaxies?
• Emission Signatures from Sub-parsec Binary Supermassive Black Holes III: Comparison of Models with Observations
• Massive black hole remnants of the first stars II: optical and X-ray signatures in present-day galactic haloes
• Broad HI absorption in the candidate binary black-hole 4C37.11 (B2 0402+379)
• The Abundance of X-Shaped Radio Sources I. VLA Survey of 52 Sources With Off-Axis Distortions
• Likelihood for Detection of Sub-parsec Supermassive Black Hole Binaries in Spectroscopic Surveys
• Gravitational waves from supermassive black hole binaries in ultra-luminous infrared galaxies
• Astrophysical implications of binary black holes in BL Lacertae objects
• The Curious Case of PHL 293B: A Long-Lived Transient in a Metal-Poor Blue Compact Dwarf Galaxy
• A photometric study of the field around the candidate recoiling/binary black hole SDSS J092712.65+294344.0
• Evolution of a Binary Black Hole with a Retrograde Circumbinary Accretion Disk
• Recoiled star clusters in the Milky Way halo: N-body simulations and a candidate search through SDSS
• High-energy neutrino emission subsequent to gravitational wave radiation from supermassive black hole mergers
• SUBARU and e-Merlin observations of NGC3718. Diaries of an SMBH recoil?
• Astro2020 science white paper: The gravitational wave view of massive black holes
• Electromagnetic Emission from a Binary Black Hole Merger Remnant in Plasma: Field Alignment and Plasma Temperature
• Electromagnetic vs. Lense-Thirring alignment of black hole accretion discs
• Accretion disks around kicked black holes: Post-kick Dynamics
• WISE J233237.05-505643.5: a Double-Peaked Broad-Lined AGN with Spiral-Shaped Radio Morphology
• Response of a circumbinary accretion disc to black hole mass loss
• The Search for Binary Supermassive Black Holes Amongst Quasars with Offset Broad Lines Using the Very Long Baseline Array
• A Nearly Naked Supermassive Black Hole
• Multiple regimes and coalescence timescales for massive black hole pairs ; the critical role of galaxy formation physics
• A Second Decoupling Between Merging Binary Black Holes and the Inner Disc--Impact on the Electromagnetic Counterpart
• Evolution of supermassive black hole binaries and tidal disruption rates in nonspherical galactic nuclei
• Composite profile of the Fe K$\alpha$ spectral line emitted from a binary system of supermassive black holes
• Retrograde binaries of massive black holes in circum-binary accretion discs
• Recoiling Supermassive Black Hole Escape Velocities from Dark Matter Halos
• Sound Speed Dependence of Alignment in Accretion Disks Subjected to Lense-Thirring Torques
• The Pairing Probability of Massive Black Holes in Merger Galaxies in the Presence of Radiative Feedback
• The spatially offset quasar E1821+643: New evidence for gravitational recoil
• 2MASX J00423991+3017515: An offset active galactic nucleus in an interacting system
• Simulations of recoiling black holes: adaptive mesh refinement and radiative transfer
• Pulsar Timing Array Constraints on the Merger Timescale of Subparsec Supermassive Black Hole Binary Candidates
• Gravitational Wave Heating of Stars and Accretion Disks
• The nature of massive black hole binary candidates: II. Spectral energy distribution atlas
• Selection of Burst-like Transients and Stochastic Variables Using Multi-Band Image Differencing in the Pan-STARRS1 Medium-Deep Survey
• A quasar companion to the puzzling quasar SDSS J0927+2943
• Binary AGN simulations with radiation pressure reveal a new duty cycle, and a reduction of gravitational torque, through 'minitori' structures
• Multiple giant eruptions and X-ray emission in the recoiling AGN/LBV candidate SDSS1133
• The Next-Generation Very Large Array: Supermassive Black Hole Pairs and Binaries
• Hypercompact stellar clusters: morphological renditions and spectro-photometric models
• Investigating the Candidate Displaced Active Galactic Nucleus in NGC 3115
• The photocentre-AGN displacement: Is M87 actually harbouring a displaced supermassive black hole?
• Limiting alternative theories of gravity using gravitational wave observations across the spectrum
• Electromagnetic counterparts from counter-rotating relativistic kicked discs

Cited by in corpus (57)

• GWTC-3: Compact Binary Coalescences Observed by LIGO and Virgo During the Second Part of the Third Observing Run
• The NANOGrav 15-year Data Set: Constraints on Supermassive Black Hole Binaries from the Gravitational Wave Background
• The NANOGrav 15-year Data Set: Bayesian Limits on Gravitational Waves from Individual Supermassive Black Hole Binaries
• Gravitational Wave Astronomy With TianQin
• Multi-messenger Time-domain Signatures Of Supermassive Black Hole Binaries
• Measuring the propagation speed of gravitational waves with LISA
• A close quasar pair in a disk-disk galaxy merger at z = 2.17
• Quasars with Periodic Variability: Capabilities and Limitations of Bayesian Searches for Supermassive Black Hole Binaries in Time-Domain Surveys
• Galaxy fields of LISA massive black hole mergers in a simulated Universe
• On networks of space-based gravitational-wave detectors
• Electromagnetic signatures from accreting massive black hole binaries in time domain photometric surveys
• A unified accretion disc model for supermassive black holes in galaxy formation simulations: method and implementation
• Chasing Super-Massive Black Hole merging events with $Athena$ and LISA
• Emission signatures from sub-pc Post-Newtonian binaries embedded in circumbinary discs
• Multimessenger study of merging massive black holes in the OBELISK simulation: gravitational waves, electromagnetic counterparts, and their link to galaxy and black hole populations
• Identifying Host Galaxies of Supermassive Black Hole Binaries Found by PTAs
• Minidisk Influence on Flow Variability in Accreting Spinning Black Hole Binaries: Simulations in Full General Relativity
• The Role of AGN in Luminous Infrared Galaxies from the Multiwavelength Perspective
• Magnetically Arrested Circumbinary Accretion Flows
• Reliable Identification of Binary Supermassive Black Holes from Rubin Observatory Time-Domain Monitoring
• Measuring the Hubble Constant Using Strongly Lensed Gravitational Wave Signals
• Finding Multiply-Lensed and Binary Quasars in the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys
• GRMHD study of accreting massive black hole binaries in astrophysical environment: a review
• GRMHD simulations of accretion flows onto massive binary black hole mergers embedded in a thin slab of gas
• Premerger detection of massive black hole binaries using deep learning
• General Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of Accretion Disks Around Tilted Binary Black Holes of Unequal Mass
• Signatures of Massive Black Hole Merger Host Galaxies from Cosmological Simulations I: Unique Galaxy Morphologies in Imaging
• Stars or gas? Constraining the hardening processes of massive black-hole binaries with LISA
• AsterX: a new open-source GPU-accelerated GRMHD code for dynamical spacetimes
• Changing-Look Inspirals: Trends and Switches in AGN Disk Emission as Signposts for Merging Black Hole Binaries
• Relativistic gas accretion onto supermassive black Hole binaries from inspiral through merger
• Fundamental Physics and Cosmology with TianQin
• Efficient Bayesian inference and model selection for continuous gravitational waves in pulsar timing array data
• Radiation Magnetohydrodynamic Simulation of sub-Eddington Circumbinary Disk around an Equal-mass Massive Black Hole Binary
• Coincident Multimessenger Bursts from Eccentric Supermassive Binary Black Holes
• Decoupling of a supermassive black hole binary from its magnetically arrested circumbinary accretion disk
• Host Galaxy Demographics Of Individually Detectable Supermassive Black-hole Binaries with Pulsar Timing Arrays
• Estimating Hubble Constant with Gravitational Observations: A Concise Review
• Diffractive lensing of nano-Hertz gravitational waves emitted from supermassive binary black holes by intervening galaxies
• Imprints of massive black-hole binaries on neighbouring decihertz gravitational-wave sources
• Signatures of Massive Black Hole Merger Host Galaxies from Cosmological Simulations II: Unique Stellar Kinematics in Integral Field Unit Spectroscopy
• Unravelling the formation of the first supermassive black holes with the SKA pulsar timing array
• Viscous torque in turbulent magnetized AGN accretion disks and its effects on EMRI's gravitational waves
• Detection of eccentric close-binary supermassive black holes with incomplete interferometric data
• Effects of eccentricity on accreting binary black holes: MHD simulations in full GR reveal novel periodicities in jet power and synchrotron spectra
• Time Evolution of Mg II in SDSS J2320+0024: Implications for a Subparsec Binary Supermassive Black Hole System
• Bright siren without electromagnetic counterpart by LISA-Taiji-TianQin network
• The Host Galaxies of PTA Sources: Converting Supermassive BH Binary Parameters into EM Observables
• Thermal X-ray signatures in late-stage unequal-mass massive black hole binary mergers
• Black holes as telescopes: Discovering supermassive binaries through quasi-periodic lensed starlight
• A general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics extension to mesh-less schemes in the code GIZMO
• Searching for supermassive black holes binaries within SRG/eROSITA-De I: Properties of the X-ray selected candidates
• Multi-wavelength properties of $z\gtrsim 6$ LISA detectable events
• Binary black holes gone MAD: Magnetically arrested minidisks around nonspinning black holes
• Accurate and efficient simulation-based inference for massive black-hole binaries with LISA
• A Population Study for Searching Supermassive Binary Black Holes in Active Galactic Nuclei: Continuum Spectral Features and Periodic Variabilities
• A New Framework to Detect Multi-Messenger Signals from Bright Sporadic Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background