Detecting a stochastic background of gravitational radiation: Signal processing strategies and sensitivities

Abstract

We analyze the signal processing required for the optimal detection of a stochastic background of gravitational radiation using laser interferometric detectors. Starting with basic assumptions about the statistical properties of a stochastic gravity-wave background, we derive expressions for the optimal filter function and signal-to-noise ratio for the cross-correlation of the outputs of two gravity-wave detectors. Sensitivity levels required for detection are then calculated. Issues related to: (i) calculating the signal-to-noise ratio for arbitrarily large stochastic backgrounds, (ii) performing the data analysis in the presence of nonstationary detector noise, (iii) combining data from multiple detector pairs to increase the sensitivity of a stochastic background search, (iv) correlating the outputs of 4 or more detectors, and (v) allowing for the possibility of correlated noise in the outputs of two detectors are discussed. We briefly describe a computer simulation which mimics the generation and detection of a simulated stochastic gravity-wave signal in the presence of simulated detector noise. Numerous graphs and tables of numerical data for the five major interferometers (LIGO-WA, LIGO-LA, VIRGO, GEO-600, and TAMA-300) are also given. The treatment given in this paper should be accessible to both theorists involved in data analysis and experimentalists involved in detector design and data acquisition.

arXiv comment81 pages, 30 postscript figures, REVTEX

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• Progress towards Gravitational Wave Astronomy
• Searching for stochastic gravitational-wave background with the co-located LIGO interferometers
• Distinguishing a stochastic gravitational-wave signal from correlated noise with joint parameter estimation: Fisher analysis for ground-based detectors
• The Gravitational Wave Background From Coalescing Compact Binaries: A New Method
• Gravitational-Wave Geodesy: A New Tool for Validating Detection of the Stochastic Gravitational-Wave Background
• Search templates for stochastic gravitational-wave backgrounds
• Deep learning for intermittent gravitational wave signals
• Octahedron configuration for a displacement noise-cancelling gravitational wave detector in space
• Spherical harmonic analysis of anisotropies in polarized stochastic gravitational wave background with interferometry experiments
• Induced gravitational waves from statistically anisotropic scalar perturbations
• Searching for Bispectrum of Stochastic Gravitational Waves with Pulsar Timing Arrays
• Accelerated detection of the binary neutron star gravitational-wave background
• Constraints on Inflation with Null Energy Condition Violation from Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo's First Three Observing Runs
• Constraints on Non-Gaussian primordial curvature perturbation from the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA third observing run
• Bayesian parameter estimation for targeted anisotropic gravitational-wave background
• The optimal approach of detecting stochastic gravitational wave from string cosmology using multiple detectors
• Measuring the maximally allowed polarization states of the isotropic stochastic gravitational wave background with the ground-based detectors
• Muffled Murmurs: Environmental effects in the LISA stochastic signal from stellar-mass black hole binaries
• Constraining the stochastic gravitational wave background using the future lunar seismometers
• Two-Step Procedure to Detect Cosmological Gravitational Wave Backgrounds with Next-Generation Terrestrial Gravitational-Wave Detectors
• Stochastic Background Search Correlating ALLEGRO with LIGO Engineering Data
• Observable (?) cosmological signatures of superstrings in pre-big bang models of inflation
• Constraining the stochastic gravitational wave from string cosmology with current and future high frequency detectors
• Estimation of spectrum and parameters of relic gravitational waves using space-borne interferometers
• Optimal Location of Two Laser-interferometric Detectors for Gravitational Wave Backgrounds at 100 MHz
• Gravitational wave background from neutron star phase transition
• Probing Ensemble Properties of Vortex-avalanche Pulsar Glitches with a Stochastic Gravitational-Wave Background Search
• Improved detection statistics for non Gaussian gravitational wave stochastic backgrounds
• Left-Right Symmetry Breaking and Gravitational Waves : A Tale of Two Phase Transitions
• Gravitational wave polarization from combined Earth-space detectors
• Untargeted Bayesian search of anisotropic gravitational-wave backgrounds through the analytical marginalization of the posterior
• Demagnified GWs from Cosmological Double Neutron Stars and GW Foreground Cleaning Around 1Hz
• Extracting parity-violating gravitational waves from projected tidal force tensor in three dimensions
• Space-based optical lattice clocks as gravitational wave detectors in search for new physics
• High-Energy Physics with Gravitational-Wave Experiments
• Evaporating black holes: constraints on anomalous emission mechanisms
• Signal-to-noise ratio for a stochastic background of massive relic particles
• Observational prospects for phase transitions at LISA: Fisher matrix analysis
• Tracking Down the Route to the SM with Inflation and Gravitational Waves
• Optical Detector Topology for Third-Generation Gravitational Wave Observatories
• Impact of quantum entanglement induced by magnetic fields on primordial gravitational waves
• Alternative LISA-TAIJI networks: Detectability of the Parity Violation in Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background
• Swift Pointing and the Association Between Gamma-Ray Bursts and Gravitational-Wave Bursts
• Schumann resonance transients and the search for gravitational waves
• Issues in gravitational wave data analysis
• Detectability of the chiral gravitational wave background from audible axions with the LISA-Taiji network
• Scalar Stochastic Gravitational-Wave Background in Brans-Dicke Theory of Gravity
• A family of filters to search for frequency dependent gravitational wave stochastic backgrounds
• Searching for double-peak and doubly broken gravitational-wave spectra from Advanced LIGO-Virgo's first three observing runs
• Model-independent search for anisotropies in stochastic gravitational-wave backgrounds and application to LIGO-Virgo's first three observing Runs
• Unbiased estimation of gravitational-wave anisotropies from noisy data
• A review of the stochastic background of gravitational waves in f(R) gravity with WMAP constrains
• Is your stochastic signal really detectable?
• Exposing Gravitational Waves below the Quantum Shot Noise
• Next-generation global gravitational-wave detector network: Impact of detector orientation on compact binary coalescence and stochastic gravitational-wave background searches
• Sensitivity of spherical gravitational-wave detectors to a stochastic background of non-relativistic scalar radiation
• Gravitational-wave searches in the era of Advanced LIGO and Virgo
• Detecting a stochastic background of gravitational waves by correlating n detectors
• A New Method to Calculate the Stochastic Background of Gravitational Waves Generated by Compact Binaries
• Implications for Pulsar Timing Arrays of Sub-solar Black Hole Detections: From LVK to Einstein Telescope and Cosmic Explorer
• Forecast Analysis of Astrophysical Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background beyond general relativity: A Case Study on Brans-Dicke Gravity
• Gravitational Wave Astronomy: Needle in a Haystack
• Multi-messenger FIMP
• Stochastic Gravitational Wave Measurements with Bar Detectors: Dependence of Response on Detector Orientation
• Improving the detection sensitivity to primordial stochastic gravitational waves with reduced astrophysical foregrounds. II. Subthreshold binary neutron stars
• Background information: a study on the sensitivity of astrophysical gravitational-wave background searches
• Gravitational wave stochastic background in reduced Horndeski theories
• Detecting a stochastic background of gravitational waves in the presence of non-Gaussian noise: A performance of generalized cross-correlation statistic
• Frequency-Domain Distribution of Astrophysical Gravitational-Wave Backgrounds
• Inferring astrophysics and cosmology with individual compact binary coalescences and their gravitational-wave stochastic background
• Stochastic gravitational wave background from supernovae in massive scalar-tensor gravity
• Spectrogram correlated stacking: A novel time-frequency domain analysis of the Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background
• Gravitational wave stochastic background from cosmological particle decay
• Exploring the multiband gravitational wave background with a semi-analytic galaxy formation model
• Gravitational waves from axion inflation in the gradient expansion formalism. Part I. Pure axion inflation
• Reconstructing early universe evolution with gravitational waves from supercooled phase transitions
• Polarization Properties of the Electromagnetic Response to High-frequency Gravitational Wave
• Gravitational Wave Searches with Pulsar Timing Arrays. I: Cancellation of Clock and Ephemeris Noises
• A Data Analysis Technique for the LIGO-ALLEGRO Stochastic Background Search
• Trace of phase-space noncommutativity in the response of a free particle to linearized gravitational waves
• Influence of gravitational waves on circular moving particles
• Search for an emission line of a gravitational wave background
• Stochastic backgrounds of gravitational waves from cosmological sources - The role of dark energy
• Impact of Population III stars on the astrophysical gravitational-wave background
• Detectability of the gravitational-wave background produced by magnetar giant flares
• Quantum sensors with matter waves for GW observation
• Tuning the stochastic background of gravitational waves using the WMAP data
• On the feasibility of employing solar-like oscillators as detectors for the stochastic background of gravitational waves
• Log-periodic gravitational-wave background beyond Einstein gravity
• Effects of calibration uncertainties on the detection and parameter estimation of isotropic gravitational-wave backgrounds
• Initial Condition of Relic Gravitational Waves Constrained by LIGO S6 and Multiple Interferometers
• Measuring gravitational wave spectrum from electroweak phase transition and Higgs self-couplings
• Sensitivity forecasts for gravitational-wave detectors to dark matter decaying into gravitons
• Gravitational waves from axion inflation in the gradient expansion formalism. Part II. Fermionic axion inflation
• Harnessing the potential of PyStoch: detecting continuous gravitational waves from interesting supernova remnant targets
• Detecting milli-Hz gravitational waves with optical resonators
• Bulk-Surface Event Discrimination in Point Contact Germanium Detectors at Near-Threshold Energies with Shape-Matching Pulse-Shape Methods
• Circularly Polarized Gravitational Wave Background Search with a Network of Space-borne Triangular Detectors
• Search for a Gravitational-Wave Background from Sound Speed Resonance from Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo's First Three Observing Runs
• Flat spectra of cosmic gravitons in the nHz and audio bands
• Limits on the Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background and Prospects for Single Source Detection with GRACE Follow-On
• Search for a stochastic gravitational wave background at 1-5 Hz with Torsion-bar Antenna
• Imprints of relic gravitational waves on pulsar timing
• Stochastic backgrounds of gravitational waves and spherical detectors
• The Ligo-Ligo cross correlation for the detection of relic scalar gravitational waves
• Gravitational wave background from neutron star phase transition for a new class of equation of state
• Stochastic Background of Gravitational Waves Generated by Compact Binary Systems
• Geometrical Aspects on Parameter estimation of stochastic gravitational wave background: beyond the Fisher analysis
• Optimizing signal recycling for detecting a stochastic gravitational-wave background
• Searching for stochastic background of ultra-light fields with atomic sensors
• Implications of the binary coalescence events found in O1 and O2 for the stochastic background of gravitational events
• Searches for stochastic gravitational-wave backgrounds
• Constraining Fundamental Constant Variations from Ultralight Dark Matter with Pulsar Timing Arrays
• The equation and solution of 4-point correlation function of galaxies in Gaussian approximation and its parity-odd part
• Astrophysical and Cosmological Relevance of the High-Frequency Features in the Stochastic Gravitational-Wave Background
• Gravitational waves from dark domain walls
• Identifying the Quadrupolar Nature of Gravitational Wave Background through Space-based Missions
• Searching for continuous gravitational waves from highly deformed compact objects with DECIGO
• Axion Dark Matter Archaeology with Primordial Gravitational Waves
• The nonlinear equation of correlation function of galaxies in the expanding universe and the solution in linear approximation
• First upper limit analysis and results from LIGO science data: stochastic background
• String length constraining from the stochastic gravitational waves background
• The stochastic gravitational wave background from magnetars
• Gravitational background from dynamical binaries and detectability with 2G detectors
• Impact of facility timing and coordination for next-generation gravitational-wave detectors
• Impact of correlated seismic and correlated Newtonian noise on the Einstein Telescope
• Stochastic gravitational wave background from the collisions of dark matter halos
• Stochastic gravitational wave background due to core collapse resulting in neutron stars
• Primordial observables of explicit diffeomorphism violation in gravity
• Efficient Search for Detection Candidates Using a Peak Finder Strategy for All-Sky-All-Frequency Gravitational Wave Radiometer
• Searching Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background Landscape Across Frequency Bands
• Detectability of the Phase Transition Gravitational Waves in the DFSZ axion Model
• Full analytic expressions of overlap reduction functions for anisotropies of the stochastic gravitational-wave background with pulsar timing arrays
• Constraints on typical relic gravitational waves based on data of LIGO
• Cosmic Collider Gravitational Waves sourced by Right-handed Neutrino production from Bubbles: Testing Seesaw, Leptogenesis and Dark Matter
• Applicability of multi-component study on Bayesian searches for targeted anisotropic stochastic gravitational-wave background
• Constraints and detection capabilities of GW polarizations with space-based detectors in different TDI combinations
• Detection of the stochastic gravitational wave background with the space-borne gravitational-wave detector network
• Gravitational Wave Mountains: current-carrying domain walls
• Detecting stochastic gravitational wave background from cosmic strings with next-generation detector networks: Component separation based on a multi-source astrophysical foreground noise model
• Inflationary phase transitions in the early Universe: A Bayesian study with space-based gravitational-wave detectors
• On Validating Angular Power Spectral Models for the Stochastic Gravitational-Wave Background Without Distributional Assumptions
• Detecting relic gravitational waves in the CMB: A statistical bias
• Signatures of Correlation of Spacetime Fluctuations in Laser Interferometers
• Probing the peak of star formation with the stochastic background of binary black hole mergers
• Could the high-mass black holes from gravitational-wave observations be explained by lensing?
• The Emergence of Gravitational Wave Science: 100 Years of Development of Mathematical Theory, Detectors, Numerical Algorithms, and Data Analysis Tools
• Model-agnostic gravitational-wave background characterization algorithm
• Distinguishing gravity theories with networks of space-based gravitational-wave detectors
• Correlation of Gravitational Wave Background Noises and Statistical Loss for Angular Averaged Sensitivity Curves
• Thermomagnetic Ettingshausen-Nernst effect in tachocline, magnetic reconnection phenomenon in lower layers, axion mechanism of solar luminosity variations, coronal heating problem solution and mechanism of ADM variations around BH
• Gravitational Waves from Hyperbolic Encounters of Primordial Black Holes in Dwarf Galaxies
• Constraining the gravitational-wave emission of core-collapse supernovae with ground-based detectors
• Alternative LISA-TAIJI networks: detectability of the isotropic stochastic gravitational wave background
• Correlation analysis for isotropic stochastic gravitational wave backgrounds with maximally allowed polarization degrees
• Gravitational-Wave Geodesy: Defining False Alarm Probabilities with Respect to Correlated Noise