Challenges and Opportunities of Gravitational Wave Searches at MHz to GHz Frequencies

Abstract

The first direct measurement of gravitational waves by the LIGO and Virgo collaborations has opened up new avenues to explore our Universe. This white paper outlines the challenges and gains expected in gravitational wave searches at frequencies above the LIGO/Virgo band, with a particular focus on Ultra High-Frequency Gravitational Waves (UHF-GWs), covering the MHz to GHz range. The absence of known astrophysical sources in this frequency range provides a unique opportunity to discover physics beyond the Standard Model operating both in the early and late Universe, and we highlight some of the most promising gravitational sources. We review several detector concepts which have been proposed to take up this challenge, and compare their expected sensitivity with the signal strength predicted in various models. This report is the summary of the workshop "Challenges and opportunities of high-frequency gravitational wave detection" held at ICTP Trieste, Italy in October 2019, that set up the stage for the recently launched Ultra-High-Frequency Gravitational Wave (UHF-GW) initiative.

Published in Living Reviews in Relativity

References in corpus (79)

• GW170817: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Neutron Star Inspiral
• Advanced Virgo: a 2nd generation interferometric gravitational wave detector
• Advanced LIGO
• Laser Interferometer Space Antenna
• Exploring the Sensitivity of Next Generation Gravitational Wave Detectors
• The Effective Field Theory of Inflation
• Gravitational Wave Spectrum Induced by Primordial Scalar Perturbations
• Gravitational-wave sensitivity curves
• The trouble with $H_0$
• The cosmological gravitational wave background from primordial density perturbations
• Reheating in Inflationary Cosmology: Theory and Applications
• Discovering the QCD Axion with Black Holes and Gravitational Waves
• Nonperturbative Dynamics Of Reheating After Inflation: A Review
• The merger rate of primordial-black-hole binaries
• Science with the space-based interferometer LISA. IV: Probing inflation with gravitational waves
• Sensitivity and Performance of the Advanced LIGO Detectors in the Third Observing Run
• Constraints on Earth-mass primordial black holes from OGLE 5-year microlensing events
• Gravitational wave searches for ultralight bosons with LIGO and LISA
• Theory and Numerics of Gravitational Waves from Preheating after Inflation
• Large Nongaussianity in Axion Inflation
• A Gravitational Wave Background from Reheating after Hybrid Inflation
• Black holes as particle detectors: evolution of superradiant instabilities
• Gravitational Wave signatures of inflationary models from Primordial Black Hole Dark Matter
• Gravitational Wave Production At The End Of Inflation
• Primordial black hole formation in the radiative era: investigation of the critical nature of the collapse
• A stochastic background of gravitational waves from hybrid preheating
• Stochastic gravitational wave background from smoothed cosmic string loops
• A new cosmic microwave background constraint to primordial gravitational waves
• Stochastic gravitational waves associated with the formation of primordial black holes
• Gravitational waves at interferometer scales and primordial black holes in axion inflation
• Compact stars made of fermionic dark matter
• Generating PBHs and small-scale GWs in two-field models of inflation
• From NANOGrav to LIGO with metastable cosmic strings
• Gravitational Wave Signatures of Highly Compact Boson Star Binaries
• Gravitational Waves from Abelian Gauge Fields and Cosmic Strings at Preheating
• Quantum Radiation of Oscillons
• Exact Scale-Invariant Background of Gravitational Waves from Cosmic Defects
• Flat-top oscillons in an expanding universe
• Inflaton Fragmentation and Oscillon Formation in Three Dimensions
• Gravitational perturbations from oscillons and transients after inflation
• Gravitational Waves as a Big Bang Thermometer
• Exploring the sensitivity of gravitational wave detectors to neutron star physics
• Method for all-sky searches of continuous gravitational wave signals using the frequency-Hough transform
• GUT-Scale Primordial Black Holes: Consequences and Constraints
• Search for a stochastic background of 100-MHz gravitational waves with laser interferometers
• Laser-interferometric Detectors for Gravitational Wave Background at 100 MHz : Detector Design and Sensitivity
• A first search for a stochastic gravitational-wave background from ultralight bosons
• Gravitational wave production from preheating: parameter dependence
• Gravitational Waves from Oscillons with Cuspy Potentials
• Relic gravitational waves from light primordial black holes
• Primordial black hole merger rates: distributions for multiple LIGO observables
• Prospects for direct detection of circular polarization of gravitational-wave background
• End of inflation, oscillons and matter-antimatter asymmetry
• Gravitational waves from the minimal gauged $U(1{)}_{B-L}$ model
• Classical Decay Rates of Oscillons
• A Nearly Scale Invariant Spectrum of Gravitational Radiation from Global Phase Transitions
• Analytical Characterization of Oscillon Energy and Lifetime
• Generalised tensor fluctuations and inflation
• Quest for circular polarization of gravitational wave background and orbits of laser interferometers in space
• Conversion of relic gravitational waves into photons in cosmological magnetic fields
• A gravitational wave window on extra dimensions
• The signature of primordial black holes in the dark matter halos of galaxies
• Irreducible background of gravitational waves from a cosmic defect network: update and comparison of numerical techniques
• Search for nonlinear memory from subsolar mass compact binary mergers
• Sensitivity of the spherical gravitational wave detector MiniGRAIL operating at 5 K
• The spontaneous breaking of a metastable string
• An Experiment for Observing Quantum Gravity Phenomena using Twin Table-Top 3D Interferometers
• Gravitational wave spectra from oscillon formation after inflation
• Oscillon collapse to black holes
• A brief history of gravitational wave research
• Observation of the Fundamental Nyquist Noise Limit in an Ultra-High $Q$-Factor Cryogenic Bulk Acoustic Wave Cavity
• Confirmation of Planet-Mass Objects in Extragalactic Systems
• Engineering the Optical Spring via Intra-Cavity Optical-Parametric Amplification
• Limits on high-frequency gravitational wave background from its interplay with large scale magnetic fields
• Lectures on Reheating after Inflation
• Searching for MHz Gravitational Waves from Harmonic Sources
• A review on radiation of oscillons and oscillatons
• Conceptual tensions between quantum mechanics and general relativity: Are there experimental consequences, e.g., superconducting transducers between electromagnetic and gravitational radiation?
• Ground-Based Gravitational-Wave Astronomy in Australia: 2019 White Paper

Cited by in corpus (182)

• Detecting High-Frequency Gravitational Waves with Microwave Cavities
• Oscillations in the stochastic gravitational wave background from sharp features and particle production during inflation
• From inflation to black hole mergers and back again: Gravitational-wave data-driven constraints on inflationary scenarios with a first-principle model of primordial black holes across the QCD epoch
• A novel search for high-frequency gravitational waves with low-mass axion haloscopes
• Gravitational Waves as a Big Bang Thermometer
• Hunt for Light Primordial Black Hole Dark Matter with Ultra-High-Frequency Gravitational Waves
• Electromagnetic Antennas for the Resonant Detection of the Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background
• Revisiting small-scale fluctuations in $\alpha$-attractor models of inflation
• Asteroids for $\mu$Hz gravitational-wave detection
• Gravitational Wave Pathway to Testable Leptogenesis
• The challenge of ruling out inflation via the primordial graviton background
• Rare Events Detected with a Bulk Acoustic Wave High Frequency Gravitational Wave Antenna
• Baryogenesis, Primordial Black Holes and MHz-GHz Gravitational Waves
• Detecting single gravitons with quantum sensing
• The Primordial Black Holes that Disappeared: Connections to Dark Matter and MHz-GHz Gravitational Waves
• Graviton detection and the quantization of gravity
• Primordial Gravitational Waves From Black Hole Evaporation in Standard and Non-Standard Cosmologies
• Gravitational Wave from Graviton Bremsstrahlung during Reheating
• Gravitational shine of dark domain walls
• The Benefits of Diligence: How Precise are Predicted Gravitational Wave Spectra in Models with Phase Transitions?
• Constraints on planetary and asteroid-mass primordial black holes from continuous gravitational-wave searches
• Enhanced Gravitational Waves from Inflaton Oscillons
• Quintessential inflation: A tale of emergent and broken symmetries
• The stochastic gravitational wave background from close hyperbolic encounters of primordial black holes in dense clusters
• Freezing-In Gravitational Waves
• Revealing the Cosmic History with Gravitational Waves
• Higher-Order Corrections to the Bubble-Nucleation Rate at Finite Temperature
• Ultrahigh frequency primordial gravitational waves beyond the kHz: The case of cosmic strings
• Gravitational Collapse in the Post-Inflationary Universe
• Gravitational wave background from non-Abelian reheating after axion-like inflation
• Gravity Waves and Primordial Black Holes in Scalar Warm Little Inflation
• Probing modified Hawking evaporation with gravitational waves from the primordial black hole dominated universe
• The future search for low-frequency axions and new physics with the FLASH resonant cavity experiment at Frascati National Laboratories
• Oscillon formation during inflationary preheating with general relativity
• Exploring High Frequency Gravitational Waves with Magnons
• Memory burden effect mimics reheating signatures on SGWB from ultra-low mass PBH domination
• Cavity Detection of Gravitational Waves: Where Do We Stand?
• Comparing Instrument Spectral Sensitivity of Dissimilar Electromagnetic Haloscopes to Axion Dark Matter and High Frequency Gravitational Waves
• Gravitational Waves from Current-Carrying Cosmic Strings
• Preheating in Einstein-Cartan Higgs Inflation: Oscillon formation
• Upper Bound on Thermal Gravitational Wave Backgrounds from Hidden Sectors
• The Gravitational Wave Universe Toolbox: A software package to simulate observation of the Gravitational Wave Universe with different detectors
• Parity violating gravitational waves at the end of inflation
• Testing BSM Physics with Gravitational Waves
• Scalar field couplings to quadratic curvature and decay into gravitons
• Gravitational wave search through electromagnetic telescopes
• Improved Analytic Solution of Black Hole Superradiance
• Limits on High-Frequency Gravitational Waves in Planetary Magnetospheres
• Stability of domain walls in models with asymmetric potentials
• The Gravitational Afterglow of Boson Stars
• Gravitational waves and neutrino oscillations in Chern-Simons axion gravity
• Induced Gravitational Waves probing Primordial Black Hole Dark Matter with Memory Burden
• Searching for Heavy Leptophilic $Z^{\prime }$: from Lepton Colliders to Gravitational Waves
• Gravitational wave production from preheating with trilinear interactions
• Gravitational wave probes of particle dark matter: a review
• A Simple Derivation of the Gertsenshtein Effect
• Dark Matter Candidates and Searches
• Searching for High Frequency Gravitational Waves with Phonons
• Shimmering gravitons in the gamma-ray sky
• Models of binary neutron star remnants with tabulated equations of state
• Searching For Stochastic Gravitational Waves Below a Nanohertz
• Slaying Axion-Like Particles via Gravitational Waves and Primordial Black Holes from Supercooled Phase Transition
• The Multi-mode Acoustic Gravitational Wave Experiment: MAGE
• Gravitational Wave Sourced by Decay of Massive Particle from Primordial Black Hole evaporation
• Detection of high-frequency gravitational waves using high-energy pulsed lasers
• Double-graviton production from Standard Model plasma
• Enhanced primordial gravitational waves from a stiff post-inflationary era due to an oscillating inflaton
• Prototype Superfluid Gravitational Wave Detector
• "Stairway to Heaven" -- Spectroscopy of Particle Couplings with Gravitational Waves
• Using Pulsar Parameter Drifts to Detect Sub-Nanohertz Gravitational Waves
• Searching for Dark Clumps with Gravitational-Wave Detectors
• Multi-messenger Probes of Asteroid Mass Primordial Black Holes: Superradiance Spectroscopy, Hawking Radiation, and Microlensing
• Observable Primordial Gravitational Waves from Non-minimally Coupled $R^2$ Palatini Modified Gravity
• Quasinormal modes and echoes of a double braneworld
• Cosmological Origin of the KM3-230213A event and associated Gravitational Waves
• Binary Collisions of Dark Matter Blobs
• Quantum tunneling in the early universe: Stable magnetic monopoles from metastable cosmic strings
• Search for high-frequency gravitational waves with Rydberg atoms
• Superradiant Instability of Magnetic Black Holes
• (P)reheating and gravitational waves in $\alpha$-attractor models
• Prospects for Direct Detection of Black Hole Formation in Neutron Star Mergers with Next-Generation Gravitational-Wave Detectors
• Macroscopic Dark Matter Detection with Gravitational Wave Experiments
• Quantum gravitational signatures in next-generation gravitational wave detectors
• Gravitational Waves from Phase Transitions
• Superconducting Levitated Detector of Gravitational Waves
• Entanglement in Cosmology
• Fast Likelihood-free Reconstruction of Gravitational Wave Backgrounds
• Continuous gravitational wave detection to understand the generation mechanism of fast radio bursts
• The rise of the primordial tensor spectrum from an early scalar-tensor epoch
• Massless Preheating and Electroweak Vacuum Metastability
• Resonant Electric Probe to Axionic Dark Matter
• Classical (and Quantum) Heuristics for Gravitational Wave Detection
• Detecting kHz gravitons from a neutron star merger with a multi-mode resonant mass detector
• Macroscopic Quantum Response to Gravitational Waves
• Gravitational waves and primordial black holes from chirality imbalanced QCD first-order phase transition with $\mathcal{P}$ and $\mathcal{C}\mathcal{P}$ violation
• Cosmic (super)strings with a time-varying tension
• Back to the origins of brane-antibrane inflation
• Gravitational Wave Measurement in the Mid-Band with Atom Interferometers
• Were recently reported MHz events planet mass primordial black hole mergers?
• Constraints on Non-Gaussian primordial curvature perturbation from the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA third observing run
• Gravitational Waves from Preheating in Inflation with Weyl Symmetry
• Update on gravitational wave signals from post-inflationary phase transitions
• Detectable Gravitational Waves from preheating probes non-thermal Dark Matter
• The effect of quantum decoherence on inflationary gravitational waves
• Broadband limits on stochastic length fluctuations from a pair of table-top interferometers
• Dependence of the amplitude of gravitational waves from preheating on the inflationary energy scale
• Proper Time Observables of General Gravitational Perturbations in Laser Interferometry-based Gravitational Wave Detectors
• Constraining gravitational-wave backgrounds from conversions into photons in the Galactic magnetic field
• Implications of Pulsar Timing Array Results for High Frequency Gravitational Waves
• Black holes and nilmanifolds: quasinormal modes as the fingerprints of extra dimensions?
• An exact model for evaporating primordial black holes in cosmological space-time
• Thermal Emission of Gravitational Waves from Weak to Strong Coupling
• Fast Radio Bursts signal high-frequency gravitational waves
• Cosmic superstrings in large volume compactifications: PTAs, LISA and time-varying tension
• Gravitational wave polarizations in nonminimally coupled gravity
• Gravitational bremsstrahlung in plasmas and clusters
• The LISA forecast on a smooth crossover beyond the Standard Model through the scalar-induced gravitational waves
• A Mössbauer Scheme to Probe Gravitational Waves
• Crescendo Beyond the Horizon: More Gravitational Waves from Domain Walls Bounded by Inflated Cosmic Strings
• Relic Gravitational Waves from the Chiral Plasma Instability in the Standard Cosmological Model
• Circularly polarized gravitational waves in Chern-Simons gravity originated from an axion domain wall
• Spinodal Gravitational Waves
• The effects of gravitational waves on a hydrogen atom
• Q-balls in Non-Minimally Coupled Palatini Inflation and their Implications for Cosmology
• Neutrino signals from Neutron Star implosions to Black Holes
• Electromagnetic field in a cavity induced by gravitational waves
• On the anisotropies of the cosmological gravitational-wave background from pulsar timing array observations
• Graviton-photon conversion in blazar jets as a probe of high-frequency gravitational waves
• Resonant Production of Light Sterile Neutrinos in Compact Binary Merger Remnants
• Evolution of coupled scalar perturbations through smooth reheating. II. Thermal fluctuation regime
• Electro-Mechanical Tuning of High-Q Bulk Acoustic Phonon Modes at Cryogenic Temperatures
• Graviton-photon conversion in stochastic magnetic fields
• Polarization Properties of the Electromagnetic Response to High-frequency Gravitational Wave
• Equation of state during (p)reheating with trilinear interactions
• Periodic Cosmic String Formation and Dynamics
• Simultaneous Resonant and Broadband Detection of Ultralight Dark Matter and High-Frequency Gravitational Waves via Cavities and Circuits
• Accretion, Evaporation and Superradiance Phase Diagram of (Primordial) Black Holes and $10^{-21}-10^{21}$ eV Scalar, Vector, Tensor Fields
• Detecting the heterodyning of gravitational waves
• Thermal evolution of dark matter and gravitational-wave production in the early universe from a symplectic glueball model
• Electromagnetic counterparts of high-frequency gravitational waves in a rotating laboratory frame system and their detection
• First characterisation of the MAGO cavity, a superconducting RF detector for kHz-MHz gravitational waves
• Upconversion of Phonon Modes into Microwave Photons in a Lithium Niobate Bulk Acoustic Wave Resonator Coupled to a Microwave Cavity
• Response of interferometers to the vacuum of quantum gravity
• Gravitational Wave Probe of Gravitational Dark Matter from Preheating
• Ephemeral Oscillons in Scalar-Tensor Theories: The Higgs-like case
• Curvature perturbations from kinetic preheating after $\alpha$-attractor inflation
• Low Temperature Properties of Low-Loss Macroscopic Lithium Niobate Bulk Acoustic Wave Resonators
• Gravitational Lensing in the Kerr Spacetime: An Analytic Approach for Light and High-Frequency Gravitational Waves
• Probing Gravitational Dark Matter with Ultra-high Frequency Gravitational Waves
• Theoretical Radio Signals from Radio-Band Gravitational Waves Converted from the Neutron Star Magnetic Field
• Fundamental quantum limits for detecting ultrahigh frequency gravitational waves
• Gravitational Waves from Strange Star Core-Crust Oscillation
• The constraints on the stochastic gravitational wave background from cosmic strings by an electromagnetic resonance system
• Experimental Limits on Planetary Mass Primordial Black Hole Mergers
• An array of bulk-acoustic-wave sensors as a high-frequency antenna for gravitational waves
• Smoking-gun signatures of bounce cosmology from echoes of relic gravitational waves
• Atomic electron transitions of hydrogen-like atoms induced by gravitational waves
• Gravitational waves from sub-solar mass primordial black holes
• Prospects for High-Frequency Gravitational-Wave Detection with GEO600
• Probing baryogenesis with gravitational waves
• Elastic Scattering of Cosmological Gravitational Wave Backgrounds: Primordial Black Holes and Stellar Objects
• Estimating the gravitational wave background anisotropy: a Bayesian approach boosted by cross-correlation angular power spectrum
• Identifying the Quadrupolar Nature of Gravitational Wave Background through Space-based Missions
• The Maximal Gravitational Wave Signal from Asteroid-Mass Primordial Black Hole Mergers At Resonant Microwave Cavities
• Cavity, lumped-circuit, and spin-based detection of axion dark matter: differences and similarities
• Gauss's Law and a Gravitational Wave
• Storage Rings and Gravitational Waves: Summary and Outlook
• Constraints on High-Frequency Gravitational Waves from Graviton-Photon Conversion in the M87 Galaxy
• Self-resonance during preheating: The case of $\alpha$-attractor models
• Superradiant dark matter production from primordial black holes: Impact of multiple modes and gravitational wave emission
• Atom interferometers and a small-scale test of general relativity
• The read-out electronics for the FLASH experiment
• Stimulated absorption of single gravitons: First light on quantum gravity
• Prospects for detecting asteroid-mass primordial black holes in extreme mass-ratio inspirals with continuous gravitational waves
• Constraining the inflaton potential with gravitational waves from oscillons
• Novel understanding of Cosmological Phenomena using Fast Radio Bursts
• Gravitational Wave Gastronomy
• A Faster Growth of Perturbations in an Early Matter Dominated Epoch: Primordial Black Holes and Gravitational Waves
• Probing Bose-enhanced Inflaton Decay with Gravitational Waves
• Very-High-Frequency Gravitational Waves from Multi-Monodromy Inflation
• Gravitational Wave Mountains: current-carrying domain walls
• High Sensitivity Methodologies to Detect Radio Band Gravitational Waves