Asteroids for $\mu$Hz gravitational-wave detection

Abstract

A major challenge for gravitational-wave (GW) detection in the $\mu$Hz band is engineering a test mass (TM) with sufficiently low acceleration noise. We propose a GW detection concept using asteroids located in the inner Solar System as TMs. Our main purpose is to evaluate the acceleration noise of asteroids in the $\mu$Hz band. We show that a wide variety of environmental perturbations are small enough to enable an appropriate class of $\sim 10$ km-diameter asteroids to be employed as TMs. This would allow a sensitive GW detector in the band $\text{(few)}\times 10^{-7}\text{Hz}\lesssim f_{\text{GW}}\lesssim \text{(few)}\times 10^{-5}\text{Hz}$, reaching strain $h_c\sim 10^{-19}$ around $f_{\text{GW}}\sim 10\mu$Hz, sufficient to detect a wide variety of sources. To exploit these asteroid TMs, human-engineered base stations could be deployed on multiple asteroids, each equipped with an electromagnetic transmitter/receiver to permit measurement of variations in the distance between them. We discuss a potential conceptual design with two base stations, each with a space-qualified optical atomic clock measuring the round-trip electromagnetic pulse travel time via laser ranging. Tradespace exists to optimize multiple aspects of this mission: for example, using a radio-ranging or interferometric link system instead of laser ranging. This motivates future dedicated technical design study. This mission concept holds exceptional promise for accessing this GW frequency band.

50 pages, 9 figures. Published version

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