Searching for Heavy Leptophilic $Z^{\prime }$: from Lepton Colliders to Gravitational Waves

Abstract

We study the phenomenology of leptophilic $Z^{\prime }$ gauge bosons at the future high-energy $e^{+}{e}^{-}$ and ${\mu }^{+}{\mu }^{-}$ colliders, as well as at the gravitational wave observatories. The leptophilic $Z^{\prime }$ model, although well-motivated, remains largely unconstrained from current low-energy and collider searches for $Z^{\prime }$ masses above $\mathcal{O}(100\mathrm{GeV})$, thus providing a unique opportunity for future lepton colliders. Taking $U(1{)}_{L_{\alpha }-L_{\beta }}(\alpha ,\beta =e,\mu ,\tau )$ models as concrete examples, we show that future $e^{+}{e}^{-}$ and ${\mu }^{+}{\mu }^{-}$ colliders with multi-TeV center-of-mass energies provide unprecedented sensitivity to heavy leptophilic $Z^{\prime }$ bosons. Moreover, if these $U(1)$ models are classically scale-invariant, the phase transition at the $U(1)$ symmetry-breaking scale tends to be strongly first-order with ultra-supercooling, and leads to observable stochastic gravitational wave signatures. We find that the future sensitivity of gravitational wave observatories, such as advanced LIGO-VIRGO and Cosmic Explorer, can be complementary to the collider experiments, probing higher $Z^{\prime }$ masses up to $\mathcal{O}(10^4\mathrm{TeV})$, while being consistent with naturalness and perturbativity considerations.

43 pages, 19 figures, and 4 tables

References in corpus (48)

• The automated computation of tree-level and next-to-leading order differential cross sections, and their matching to parton shower simulations
• In the Realm of the Hubble tension $-$ a Review of Solutions
• Search for an isotropic gravitational-wave background with the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array
• Searching for the nano-Hertz stochastic gravitational wave background with the Chinese Pulsar Timing Array Data Release I
• Measurement of the fine-structure constant as a test of the Standard Model
• Gravitational Wave Production by Collisions: More Bubbles
• Neutrino Trident Production: A Powerful Probe of New Physics with Neutrino Beams
• Conformal Symmetry and the Standard Model
• Gravitational wave generation from bubble collisions in first-order phase transitions: an analytic approach
• Status of the Higgs Singlet Extension of the Standard Model after LHC Run 1
• LEP Shines Light on Dark Matter
• Gravitational wave energy budget in strongly supercooled phase transitions
• Gravitational waves from stochastic relativistic sources: primordial turbulence and magnetic fields
• Search for $A^{\prime }\to {\mu }^{+}{\mu }^{-}$ decays
• Measurement of the Electron Magnetic Moment
• Cosmology With a Very Light $L_{\mu }-L_{\tau }$ Gauge Boson
• Explaining Dark Matter and $B$ Decay Anomalies with an $L_{\mu }-L_{\tau }$ Model
• Kinetic Mixing as the Origin of Light Dark Scales
• Lattice calculation of the short and intermediate time-distance hadronic vacuum polarization contributions to the muon magnetic moment using twisted-mass fermions
• Window observable for the hadronic vacuum polarization contribution to the muon $g-2$ from lattice QCD
• A second Higgs from the Higgs portal
• Detecting High-Frequency Gravitational Waves with Microwave Cavities
• Vanishing Minors in the Neutrino Mass Matrix from Abelian Gauge Symmetries
• Probing Physics Beyond the Standard Model: Limits from BBN and the CMB Independently and Combined
• Gravitional radiation from first-order phase transitions in the presence of a fluid
• Detectability of Gravitational Waves from Phase Transitions
• On the gauge dependence of vacuum transitions at finite temperature
• Electroweak bubble wall expansion: gravitational waves and baryogenesis in Standard Model-like thermal plasma
• Detecting the $L_{\mu }-L_{\tau }$ gauge boson at Belle II
• Classically conformal U(1)' extended standard model, electroweak vacuum stability, and LHC Run-2 bounds
• Gravitational waves from the minimal gauged $U(1{)}_{B-L}$ model
• Leptophilic Dark Matter with $Z^{\prime }$ interactions
• Leptogenesis triggered by a first-order phase transition
• Gravity Waves from a Cosmological Phase Transition: Gauge Artifacts and Daisy Resummations
• Supercool subtleties of cosmological phase transitions
• Confirming $U(1{)}_{L_{\mu }-L_{\tau }}$ as a solution for $(g-2{)}_{\mu }$ with neutrinos
• Global Analysis of Leptophilic Z' Bosons
• Collider limits on leptophilic interactions
• On gauge dependence of gravitational waves from a first-order phase transition in classical scale-invariant $U(1{)}^{\prime }$ models
• TeV Scale Resonant Leptogenesis with $L_{\mu }-L_{\tau }$ Gauge Symmetry in the Light of Muon $(g-2)$
• Uncovering the High Scale Higgs Singlet Model
• A Consistent Theory of Kinetic Mixing and the Higgs Low-Energy Theorem
• Strongly First-Order Electroweak Phase Transition and Classical Scale Invariance
• $U(1{)}_{L_{\mu }-L_{\tau }}$ for Light Dark Matter, $g_{\mu }-2$, the $511$ keV excess and the Hubble Tension
• Widening the $U(1{)}_{L_{\mu }-L_{\tau }}$ $Z^{\prime }$ mass range for resolving the muon $g-2$ anomaly
• Probing the $L_{\mu }$-$L_{\tau }$ Gauge Boson at the MUonE Experiment
• Muon $g-2$ and non-thermal leptogenesis in $U(1{)}_{L_{\mu }-L_{\tau }}$ model
• The Radiative Return: A Review of Experimental Results

Cited by in corpus (10)

• Slaying Axion-Like Particles via Gravitational Waves and Primordial Black Holes from Supercooled Phase Transition
• The Muon Magnetic Moment and Physics Beyond the Standard Model
• Leptophilic $Z^{\prime }$ bosons at the FCC-ee: discovery opportunities
• The Revival of $U(1{)}_{L_e-L_{\mu }}$: A Natural Solution for $(g-2{)}_{\mu }$ with a Sub-GeV Dark Matter
• Investigation of the scalar unparticle and anomalous couplings at muon colliders in final states with multiple photons in the Randall- Sundrum model
• Lepton Flavor Violation: From Muon Decays to Muon Colliders
• Exploring the Null Results in the Direct Detection Experiments, $(g-2{)}_{\ell }$ and Neutrino Mass in an Extended $U(1{)}_{L_{\mu }-L_{\tau }}$ Model Constrained through the $Z\to {\ell }^{+}{\ell }^{-}$ Decays
• Probing Leptophobic Dark Sectors via Gravitational Wave Signatures
• Leptophilic Portals to New Physics at Colliders
• Constraining the heavy leptophilic neutral gauge bosons through the $Z\to {\ell }^{+}{\ell }^{-}$, $W^{\pm }\to {\ell }^{\pm }{\nu }_{\ell }$, and $h\to {\ell }^{+}{\ell }^{-}$ decays