Primordial Black Holes - Perspectives in Gravitational Wave Astronomy -

Abstract

This is a review article on the primordial black holes (PBHs), with particular focus on the massive ones ($\gtrsim 10^{15}\mathrm{g}$) which have not evaporated by the present epoch by the Hawking radiation. By the detections of gravitational waves by LIGO, we have gained a completely novel tool to observationally search for PBHs complementary to the electromagnetic waves. Based on the perspective that gravitational-wave astronomy will make a significant progress in the next decades, a purpose of this article is to give a comprehensive review covering a wide range of topics on PBHs. After discussing PBH formation as well as several inflation models leading to PBH production, we summarize various existing and future observational constraints. We then present topics on formation of PBH binaries, gravitational waves from PBH binaries, various observational tests of PBHs by using gravitational waves.

87 pages, 23 figures, invited topical review article published in Classical and Quantum Gravity

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• On the Primordial Black Hole Mass Function for Broad Spectra
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• Primordial Black Holes from Broad Spectra: Abundance and Clustering
• Small-scale structure of primordial black hole dark matter and its implications for accretion
• Power spectrum of primordial perturbations during ultra-slow-roll inflation with back reaction effects
• Dirac and Majorana neutrino signatures of primordial black holes
• Effects of the merger history on the merger rate density of primordial black hole binaries
• Squeezed bispectrum and one-loop corrections in transient constant-roll inflation
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• Revisiting small-scale fluctuations in $\alpha$-attractor models of inflation
• Merger rate distribution of primordial black hole binaries with electric charges
• Test for the Origin of Solar Mass Black Holes
• Confronting sound speed resonance with pulsar timing arrays
• Search for scalar induced gravitational waves in the International Pulsar Timing Array Data Release 2 and NANOgrav 12.5 years datasets
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• Broad search for gravitational waves from subsolar-mass binaries through LIGO and Virgo's third observing run
• Axion Dark Matter in the Time of Primordial Black Holes
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• One-loop correction to the enhanced curvature perturbation with local-type non-Gaussianity for the formation of primordial black holes
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• Strong constraints on clustered primordial black holes as dark matter
• Inflationary Butterfly Effect: Non-perturbative Dynamics From Small-Scale Features
• Detection of astrophysical gravitational wave sources by TianQin and LISA
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• Primordial black holes formation in the inflationary model with field-dependent kinetic term for quartic and natural potentials
• Constraining the Merger History of Primordial-Black-Hole Binaries from GWTC-3
• Formation and Abundance of Late Forming Primordial Black Holes as Dark Matter
• Primordial black holes and secondary gravitational waves from chaotic inflation
• Observational imprints of enhanced scalar power on small scales in ultra slow roll inflation and associated non-Gaussianities
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• Induced gravitational waves from slow-roll inflation after an enhancing phase
• Planck Constraints and Gravitational Wave Forecasts for Primordial Black Hole Dark Matter Seeded by Multifield Inflation
• Reconstruction of Primordial Power Spectrum of curvature perturbation from the merger rate of Primordial Black Hole Binaries
• Numerical 1-loop correction from a potential yielding ultra-slow-roll dynamics
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• Accretion onto a small black hole at the center of a neutron star
• Looking for MACHOs in the Spectra of Fast Radio Bursts
• Strong Lensing of Gamma Ray Bursts as a Probe of Compact Dark Matter
• Cosmic strings and primordial black holes
• Probing modified Hawking evaporation with gravitational waves from the primordial black hole dominated universe
• Effects of the shape of curvature peaks on the size of primordial black holes
• Gravity Waves and Primordial Black Holes in Scalar Warm Little Inflation
• Consistency conditions and primordial black holes in single field inflation
• Testing Super-Heavy Dark Matter from Primordial Black Holes with Gravitational Waves
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• Improved constraints from ultra-faint dwarf galaxies on primordial black holes as dark matter
• Catch-Me-If-You-Can: The Overshoot Problem and the Weak/Inflation Hierarchy
• Expansion history-dependent oscillations in the scalar-induced gravitational wave background
• Probing the speed of scalar-induced gravitational waves with pulsar timing arrays
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• Primordial Black Hole Merger Rate in Ellipsoidal-Collapse Dark Matter Halo Models
• Quasi-extremal primordial black holes are a viable dark matter candidate
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• Clustering of primordial black holes formed in a matter-dominated epoch
• Solar mass black holes from neutron stars and bosonic dark matter
• Probing primordial black holes with anisotropies in stochastic gravitational-wave background
• Black Hole Evaporation Beyond the Standard Model of Particle Physics
• Cosmology of strongly interacting fermions in the early universe
• Primordial Non-Gaussianity from G-inflation
• Sublunar-Mass Primordial Black Holes from Closed Axion Domain Walls
• Testing Primordial Black Holes as Dark Matter in Supergravity from Gravitational Waves
• Lensing constraints on ultradense dark matter halos
• Deformation of the gravitational wave spectrum by density perturbations
• Learning how to surf: Reconstructing the propagation and origin of gravitational waves with Gaussian Processes
• Primordial black holes and third order scalar induced gravitational waves
• Dark Matter in the Standard Model?
• The Dipole of the Astrophysical Gravitational-Wave Background
• NANOGrav Hints on Planet-Mass Primordial Black Holes
• Dark Matter prospects with COSI: ALPs, PBHs and sub-GeV Dark Matter
• Probing neutrino interactions and dark radiation with gravitational waves
• Press-Schechter primordial black hole mass functions and their observational constraints
• Constraining $F(R)$ bouncing cosmologies with primordial black holes
• Distinguishing double neutron star from neutron star-black hole binary populations with gravitational wave observations
• Cosmological advection flows in the presence of primordial black holes as dark matter and formation of first sources
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• Black Hole Production of Monopoles in the Early Universe
• Signatures of primordial black hole dark matter at DUNE and THEIA
• Constraining the Initial Primordial Black Hole Clustering with CMB-distortion
• Window function dependence of the novel mass function of primordial black holes
• Induced Gravitational Waves probing Primordial Black Hole Dark Matter with Memory Burden
• Proving the absence of large one-loop corrections to the power spectrum of curvature perturbations in transient ultra-slow-roll inflation within the path-integral approach
• Inflation, SUSY breaking, and primordial black holes in modified supergravity coupled to chiral matter
• Unraveling the early universe's equation of state and primordial black hole production with PTA, BBN, and CMB observations
• Mechanical feedback effects on primordial black hole accretion
• Ultracompact minihalos associated with stellar-mass primordial black holes
• Establishing the Non-Primordial Origin of Black Hole-Neutron Star Mergers
• The effect of outflows on CMB bounds from Primordial Black Hole accretion
• Primordial black holes from Higgs inflation with a Gauss-Bonnet coupling
• Primordial Black Holes and Gravitational Waves in Multi-Axion-Chern-Simons Inflation
• Dark Matter Simulations with Primordial Black Holes in the Early Universe
• Constraints on Relic Magnetic Black Holes
• SMILE: Search for MIlli-LEnses
• Searching for General Binary Inspirals with Gravitational Waves
• Revealing Dark Matter Dress of Primordial Black Holes by Cosmological Lensing
• Primordial black holes from an inflationary potential valley
• Evolving Black Holes in Inflation
• Generation of primordial black holes from an inflation model with modified dispersion relation
• Correlated signals of first-order phase transitions and primordial black hole evaporation
• Bound on Induced Gravitational Waves during Inflation Era
• Threshold of Primordial Black Hole Formation against Velocity Dispersion in Matter-Dominated Era
• Obviating PBH overproduction for SIGWs generated by Pulsar Timing Arrays in loop corrected EFT of bounce
• Scalar induced gravitational waves in modified teleparallel gravity theories
• Fitting power spectrum of scalar perturbations for primordial black hole production during inflation
• Inflation with $0\le c_{\mathrm{s}}\le 1$
• Primordial Black Holes from First-Order Cosmological Phase Transitions
• General-Relativistic Hydrodynamics Simulation of a Neutron Star - Sub-Solar-Mass Black Hole Merger
• Anisotropies in Scalar-Induced Gravitational-Wave Background from Inflaton-Curvaton Mixed Scenario with Sound Speed Resonance
• Not quite black holes as dark matter
• The effect of multiple features on the power spectrum in two-field inflation
• Neutron Stars Harboring a Primordial Black Hole: Maximum Survival Time
• Primordial Black Holes as Dark Matter through Higgs Criticality
• Waves from the Centre: Probing PBH and other Macroscopic Dark Matter with LISA
• Primordial Black Hole Formation during a Strongly Coupled Crossover
• Smooth vs instant inflationary transitions: steepest growth re-examined and primordial black holes
• CMB $\mu T$ cross-correlations as a probe of PBH scenarios
• Horizonless ultracompact objects and dark matter in quadratic gravity
• Primordial Black Hole Merger Rate in Self-Interacting Dark Matter Halo Models
• Sensitivity of primordial black hole abundance on the reheating phase
• Constraints on primordial black hole dark matter from Galactic center X-ray observations
• Quantum loop effects to the power spectrum of primordial perturbations during ultra slow-roll inflation
• Prospects for probing ultralight primordial black holes using the stochastic gravitational-wave background induced by primordial curvature perturbations
• Enhanced cosmological perturbations and the merger rate of PBH binaries
• Inferring, not just detecting: metrics for high-redshift sources observed with third-generation gravitational-wave detectors
• Scalar-Induced Gravitational Waves from Ghost Inflation and Parity Violation
• Superradiant Leptogenesis
• Induced Gravitational Waves from Multi-Sound Speed Resonances during Cosmological Inflation
• Stochastic Effects in Axion Inflation and Primordial Black Holes Formation
• Impacts of Hawking Radiation from Primordial Black Holes in Critical Collapse Model on the Light Element Abundances
• Signatures of a High Temperature QCD Transition in the Early Universe
• Regurgitated Dark Matter
• Coexistence Test of Primordial Black Holes and Particle Dark Matter from Diffractive Lensing
• Standard Model Baryon Number Violation Seeded by Black Holes
• Constraints on compact dark matter from lensing of gravitational waves for the third-generation gravitational wave detector
• Searching for primordial black holes with stochastic gravitational-wave background in the space-based detector frequency band
• Constraints on the abundance of supermassive primordial black holes from lensing of compact radio sources
• Impacts of Jets and Winds From Primordial Black Holes
• Sudden braking and turning with a two-field potential bump: primordial black hole formation
• GW230529_181500: A Potential Primordial Binary Black Hole Merger in the Mass Gap
• Primordial gravastar from inflation
• The primordial black hole from running curvaton
• Constraining extended cosmologies with GW$\times$LSS cross-correlations
• Limits on primordial magnetic fields from primordial black hole abundance
• Compact Binary Merger Rate in Dark-Matter Spikes
• Redshift evolution of primordial black hole merger rate
• Distribution of primordial black holes and 21cm signature
• Light deflection by squashed Kaluza-Klein black holes in a plasma medium
• Small-scale clustering of Primordial Black Holes: cloud-in-cloud and exclusion effects
• Gravitational Waves from Peaks
• Regularized-Renormalized-Resummed loop corrected power spectrum of non-singular bounce with Primordial Black Hole formation
• Primordial Black Hole Formation from Power Spectrum with Finite-width
• Revisiting the Affleck-Dine mechanism for primordial black hole formation
• A strategy to search for an inner binary black hole from the motion of the tertiary star
• Dark Stars and Gravitational Waves: Topical Review
• Primordial Black Hole Merger Rate in $f(R)$ Gravity
• Primordial Gravitational Waves Assisted by Cosmological Scalar Perturbations
• Conservation of superhorizon curvature perturbations at one loop: Backreaction in the in-in formalism and Renormalization
• Binary Collisions of Dark Matter Blobs
• The Merger Rate of Primordial Black Hole-Neutron Star Binaries in Ellipsoidal-Collapse Dark Matter Halo Models
• Lattice simulations of axion-U(1) inflation: gravitational waves, magnetic fields, and scalar statistics
• Superheavy dark matter from the natural inflation in light of the highest-energy astroparticle events
• The Irrelevance of Primordial Black Hole Clustering in the LVK mass range
• Angular bispectrum and trispectrum of scalar-induced gravitational waves: all contributions from primordial non-Gaussianity $f_{\mathrm{NL}}$ and $g_{\mathrm{NL}}$
• Untangling PBH overproduction in $w$-SIGWs generated by Pulsar Timing Arrays for MST-EFT of single field inflation
• Inflation from Multiple Pseudo-Scalar Fields: PBH Dark Matter and Gravitational Waves
• Primordial Black Hole Neutrinogenesis of Sterile Neutrino Dark Matter
• Space-borne atom interferometric gravitational wave detections. Part I. The forecast of bright sirens on cosmology
• Accretion onto black holes inside neutron stars with piecewise-polytropic equations of state: analytic and numerical treatments
• Investigating the impact of galaxies' compact binary hosting probability for gravitational-wave cosmology
• Constraining changes in the merger history of (P)BH binaries with the stochastic gravitational wave background
• Enhance Primordial Black Hole Abundance through the Non-linear Processes around Bounce Point
• Non-spherical effects on the mass function of Primordial Black Holes
• Effect of a High-Precision Semi-Analytical Mass Function on the Merger Rate of Primordial Black Holes in Dark Matter Halos
• On the Merger Rate of Primordial Black Holes in Cosmic Voids
• Influence of early dark matter halos on the primordial black holes merger rate
• Ultrahigh-energy Gamma Rays and Gravitational Waves from Primordial Exotic Stellar Bubbles
• Mechanisms for producing Primordial Black Holes from Inflationary Models Beyond Fine-Tuning
• Strongly Magnetized Hot QCD Matter and Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background
• The History of Primordial Black Holes
• A Critical Assessment of Black Hole Solutions With a Linear Term in Their Redshift Function
• Pitfalls of a power-law parameterization of the primordial power spectrum for Primordial Black Hole formation
• Baryogenesis through Asymmetric Hawking Radiation from Primordial Black Holes as Dark Matter
• Implications of GWTC-3 on primordial black holes from vacuum bubbles
• Primordial Black Holes in the Excursion Set Theory
• Gravitationally produced Dark Matter and primordial black holes
• Stability and Observability of Magnetic Primordial Black Hole-Neutron Star Collisions
• Possibility of primordial black holes as the source of gravitational wave events in the advanced LIGO detector
• Primordial Black Holes from Effective Field Theory of Stochastic Single Field Inflation at NNNLO
• Space-borne atom interferometric gravitational wave detections. Part II. Dark sirens and finding the one
• Gravitational wave cosmology I: high frequency approximation
• Quantum Cosmology and the Inflationary Spectra from a Non-Minimally Coupled Inflaton
• New Horizons in Cosmology with Spectral Distortions of the Cosmic Microwave Background
• Lensing Signatures of a Slowly-Accelerated Black Hole
• Compact Objects in close orbits as Gravitational Wave Sources: Formation Scenarios and Properties
• Reconstructing the EFT of Inflation from Cosmological Data
• Is the formation of primordial black holes from single-field inflation compatible with standard cosmology?
• New Light on Dark Extended Lenses with the Roman Space Telescope
• Primordial Black Holes Dark Matter and Secondary Gravitational Waves from Warm Higgs-G Inflation
• Primordial black holes in non-minimal Gauss-Bonnet inflation in light of the PTA data
• Primordial Black Holes from Pre-Big Bang inflation
• Simulations of Ellipsoidal Primordial Black Hole Formation
• Primordial Black Hole-Neutron Star Merger Rate in Modified Gravity
• Stellar mass Primordial Black Holes as Cold Dark Matter
• Gravitational Waves From No-Scale Supergravity
• Primordial Black Holes without fine-tuning from a light stochastic spectator field
• Growth of Massive Black Hole Seeds by Migration of Stellar and Primordial Black Holes: Gravitational Waves and Stochastic Background
• 3D hydrodynamical simulations of the impact of mechanical feedback on accretion in supersonic stellar-mass black holes
• Negative non-Gaussianity as a salvager for PBHs with PTAs in bounce
• Scalar induced gravitational waves review
• Quantum information in Hawking radiation
• Multiple peaks in gravitational waves induced from primordial curvature perturbations with non-Gaussianity
• Threshold for PBH formation in the type-II region and its analytical estimation
• Quantum Formation of Primordial Black holes
• Exploring primordial black holes and gravitational waves with R-symmetric GUT Higgs inflation
• Fundamental Physics and Cosmology with TianQin
• Tracing Astrophysical Black Hole Seeds and Primordial Black Holes with LISA-Taiji Network
• Primordial Black-Hole-Based Pathways to Little Red Dots
• Rescuing The Primordial Black Holes all-Dark Matter Hypothesis from The Fast Radio Bursts Tension
• Gravitational capture of magnetic monopoles by primordial black holes in the early universe
• $G$ Objects and primordial black holes
• Forecasting the population properties of merging black holes
• Toward More Realistic Mass Functions For Ultradense Dark Matter Halos
• An exact model for evaporating primordial black holes in cosmological space-time
• Black holes and nilmanifolds: quasinormal modes as the fingerprints of extra dimensions?
• Gravitational Waves from Mirror World
• Constraining primordial black holes in dark matter with kinematics of dwarf galaxies
• Dark Fluxes from Accreting Black Holes and Direct Detections
• Dark sector production and baryogenesis from not quite black holes
• Model-independent search for anisotropies in stochastic gravitational-wave backgrounds and application to LIGO-Virgo's first three observing Runs
• LIGO Signals from the Mirror World
• Extreme Primordial Black Holes
• Scalar-Induced Gravitational Waves in a $\Lambda$CDM Cosmology
• Warm Hawking Relics From Primordial Black Hole Domination
• Unexpected LIGO events and the Mirror World
• Dynamical model for primordial black holes
• Effective inspiral spin distribution of primordial black hole binaries
• Stochastic approach to gravitational waves from inflation
• Implications for Pulsar Timing Arrays of Sub-solar Black Hole Detections: From LVK to Einstein Telescope and Cosmic Explorer
• Threshold of primordial black hole formation in Eddington-inspired-Born-Infeld gravity
• Non-linear corrections of overlap reduction functions for pulsar timing arrays
• Detecting sublunar-mass primordial black holes with the Earth-Moon binary system
• Earth-mass primordial black hole mergers as sources for non-repeating FRBs
• Prospects for the Observation of Primordial Black Hole evaporation with the Southern Wide Field of View Gamma-ray Observatory
• Constraining inflation with nonminimal derivative coupling with the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array third data release
• Effects of the modification of gravity on the production of primordial black holes
• Can asteroid-mass PBHDM be compatible with catalyzed phase transition interpretation of PTA?
• Primordial black holes save $R^2$ inflation
• Information Wells and the Emergence of Primordial Black Holes in a Cyclic Quantum Universe
• Dip and non-linearity in the curvature perturbation from inflation with a transient non-slow-roll stage
• Search for sub-solar mass binaries with Einstein Telescope and Cosmic Explorer
• Primordial gravitational waves from spontaneous Lorentz symmetry breaking
• Gravitational wave background from primordial black holes in globular clusters
• Perspectives on fundamental cosmology from Low Earth Orbit and the Moon
• Entropy of the Universe and Hierarchical Dark Matter
• Microlensing of dark matter models in the Milky Way
• Revisiting primordial black holes formation from preheating instabilities: the case of Starobinsky inflation
• Primordial black holes from the ultraslow-roll phase in the inflaton--curvaton mixed field inflation
• Prospects for probing dark matter particles and primordial black holes with the Hongmeng mission using the 21 cm global spectrum at cosmic dawn
• Different effects of the Lorentz and Gaussian bump functions on the formation of primordial black holes and secondary gravitational waves
• On the Gauge Invariance of Secondary Gravitational Waves
• Constraints on the Sharpness of the Curvature Power Spectrum
• Primordial black holes and scalar-induced gravitational waves from the polynomial attractor model
• Inflationary relics from an Ultra-Slow-Roll plateau
• Primordial gravitational waves and curvature perturbations induced energy density perturbation
• Clustering and Runaway Merging in a Primordial Black Hole Dominated Universe
• Gravitational wave backgrounds from coalescing black hole binaries at cosmic dawn: an upper bound
• Primordial blackhole formation: Exploring chaotic potential with a sharp step via the GLMS perspective
• Hawking radiation of scalar particles and fermions from squashed Kaluza-Klein black holes based on a generalized uncertainty principle
• Exploring Faraday rotation signatures and population bounds for primordial magnetic black holes
• Primordial blackholes from Gauss-Bonnet-corrected single field inflation
• Is PSR J0514$-$4002E in a PBH-NS binary?
• The density profile of Milky Way dark matter halo constrained from the OGLE microlensing sky map
• Continuum Dark Matter
• Modified cosmology through generalized mass-to-horizon entropy: implications for structure growth and primordial gravitational waves
• Primordial Black Hole Mergers as Probes of Dark Matter in Galactic Center
• Astrophysical uncertainties challenge 21-cm forecasts: A primordial black hole case study
• Probing the equation of state of neutron stars with captured primordial black holes
• Discovering gravitational waveform distortions from lensing: A deep dive into GW231123
• Revisiting PBH accretion, evaporation and their cosmological consequences
• Constraints on the Number of Primordial Black Holes Due to Interaction with Dust
• Hierarchical searches for subsolar-mass binaries and the third-generation gravitational wave detector era
• Primordial Black Holes from Spatially Varying Cosmological Constant Induced by Field Fluctuations in Extra Dimensions
• Imprints of Dark Photons on Gravitational Wave Polarizations
• Probing Dark Matter Clumps, Strings and Domain Walls with Gravitational Wave Detectors
• Detection prospects for the GW background of Galactic (sub)solar mass primordial black holes
• An accurate model for the primordial black hole mass distribution from a peak in the power spectrum
• Inflation with the Trace Anomaly Action and Primordial Black Holes
• Primordial Black Holes Formed during Magneto-Hydrodynamic Turbulence in The Early Universe as Dominant Part of Dark Matter
• Gravitational Wave Effects on Radio Spectral Lines of Atomic Hydrogen: Hyperfine Splitting and Broadening Mechanisms
• Unified Gas Heating Constraints on Extended Dark Matter Compact Objects
• Probing Primordial black holes with the distortion of Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background
• Inflation with vector fields revisited: heavy entropy perturbations and primordial black holes
• Numerical simulations of primordial black hole formation via delayed first-order phase transitions
• Primordial black holes and induced gravitational waves from localized features in DBI inflation
• Elastic Scattering of Cosmological Gravitational Wave Backgrounds: Primordial Black Holes and Stellar Objects
• More on gravitational waves from double monodromy inflation
• Simulation of Primordial Black Holes with large negative non-Gaussianity
• Inflationary $\alpha$-Attractor Models with Singular Derivative of Potential
• Correlating Gravitational Wave and Gamma-ray Signals from Primordial Black Holes
• Gravitational wave background from mergers of large primordial black holes
• Constraining Primordial Black Hole Dark Matter with CHIME Fast Radio Bursts
• Exploring the parameter space of modified supergravity for double inflation and primordial black hole formation
• Dark Matter Gravity Waves at LIGO and LISA
• Bispectrum of induced gravitational waves in the poltergeist mechanism
• Primordial black holes within Higgs hybrid metric-Palatini approach
• Constraining high-redshift stellar-mass primordial black holes with next-generation ground-based gravitational-wave detectors
• Primordial black holes and the velocity acoustic oscillations features in 21 cm signals from the cosmic Dark Ages
• Primordial black holes capture by stars and induced collapse to low-mass stellar black holes
• Primordial Black Holes: A Review of Formation and Evolution
• In-depth analysis of the clustering of dark matter particles around primordial black holes. Part III: CMB constraints
• Purely quadratic non-Gaussianity from tachyonic instability: Primordial black holes and scalar-induced gravitational waves
• The Dark Side of the Moon: Listening to Scalar-Induced Gravitational Waves
• Has LIGO Detected Primordial Black Hole Dark Matter? -- Tidal Disruption in Binary Black Hole Formation
• Gravitational Waves and Primordial Black Holes produced by Dark Meta Stable Vacuum Decay
• Cosmological long-wavelength solutions in non-adiabatic multi-fluid systems
• Gravitational Waves from Hyperbolic Encounters of Primordial Black Holes in Dwarf Galaxies
• Primordial black hole formation in k-inflation models
• Primordial black holes and uncertainties in the choice of the window function
• Scalar-Induced Gravitational Waves in Palatini $f(R)$ Gravity
• Mergers as a Probe of Particle Dark Matter
• Excess of substructure due to primordial black holes
• $\kappa$-General-Relativity II: An Astrophysical Observable from a 2-Body system
• Flattened bispectrum of the scalar-induced gravitational waves
• Ultralight scalar dark matter versus nonadiabatic perfect fluid dark matter in pulsar timing
• Evolution of primordial black holes in an adiabatic FLRW universe with gravitational particle creation