Primordial Black Holes from a tiny bump/dip in the Inflaton potential

Abstract

Scalar perturbations during inflation can be substantially amplified by tiny features in the inflaton potential. A bump-like feature behaves like a local speed-breaker and lowers the speed of the scalar field, thereby locally enhancing the scalar power spectrum. A bump-like feature emerges naturally if the base inflaton potential $V_b(\varphi )$ contains a local correction term such as $V_b(\varphi )\left[1+\epsilon (\varphi )\right]$ at $\varphi ={\varphi }_0$. The presence of such a localised correction term at ${\varphi }_0$ leads to a large peak in the curvature power spectrum and to an enhanced probability of black hole formation. Remarkably this does not significantly affect the scalar spectral index $n_{{}_S}$ and tensor to scalar ratio $r$ on CMB scales. Consequently such models can produce higher mass primordial black holes ($M_{\mathrm{PBH}}\ge 1M_{\odot }$) in contrast to models with `near inflection-point potentials' in which generating higher mass black holes severely affects $n_{{}_S}$ and $r$. With a suitable choice of the base potential - such as the string theory based (KKLT) inflation or the $\alpha$-attractor models - the amplification of primordial scalar power spectrum can be as large as $10^7$ which leads to a significant contribution of primordial black holes (PBHs) to the dark matter density today, $f_{\mathrm{PBH}}={\Omega }_{0,\mathrm{PBH}}/{\Omega }_{0,\mathrm{DM}}\sim O(1)$. Interestingly, our results remain valid if the bump is replaced by a dip. In this case the base inflaton potential $V_b(\varphi )$ contains a negative local correction term such as $V_b(\varphi )\left[1-\epsilon (\varphi )\right]$ at $\varphi ={\varphi }_0$ which leads to an enhanced probability of PBH formation. We conclude that primordial black holes in the mass range $10^{-17}{M}_{\odot }\le M_{\mathrm{PBH}}\le 100M_{\odot }$ can easily form in single field inflation in the presence of small bump-like and dip-like features in the inflaton potential.

arXiv comment33 pages, 15 figures, Results extended to include a dip in the potential, Additional comments and references, Accepted for publication in JCAP

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