The MACHO Project: Microlensing Results from 5.7 Years of LMC Observations

Abstract

We report on our search for microlensing towards the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). Analysis of 5.7 years of photometry on 11.9 million stars in the LMC reveals 13 - 17 microlensing events. This is significantly more than the $\sim$ 2 to 4 events expected from lensing by known stellar populations. The timescales ($\that$) of the events range from 34 to 230 days. We estimate the microlensing optical depth towards the LMC from events with $2 < \that < 400$ days to be 1.2 ^{+0.4}_ {-0.3} \ten{-7}$,withanadditional20$ 0.15 \msun$and$ 0.9 \msun$, depending on the halo model, and the total mass in MACHOs out to 50 kpc is found to be 9+4-3 10^{10} msun, independent of the halo model. These results are marginally consistent with our previous results, but are lower by about a factor of two. Besides a larger data set, this work also includes an improved efficiency determination, improved likelihood analysis, and more thorough testing of systematic errors, especially with respect to the treatment of potential backgrounds to microlensing, such as supernovae in galaxies behind the LMC. [Abridged]

53 pages, Latex with 12 postscript figures, submitted to ApJ

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• Detection of M31 Binaries via High-Cadence Pixel-Lensing Surveys
• The contribution of red dwarfs and white dwarfs to the halo dark matter
• Dynamical limits on galactic winds, halo machos and intergalactic globular clusters
• Searching for MACHOs in Galaxy Clusters
• Influence of magnification threshold on pixel lensing optical depth, event rate and time scale distributions towards M31
• On the detectability of a predicted mesolensing event associated with the high proper motion star VB 10
• MACHOs in dark matter haloes
• Lensing Effects on Gravitational Waves in a Clumpy Universe -Effects of Inhomogeneity on the Distance-Redshift Relation-
• Are there MACHOs in the Milky Way halo?
• Influence of early dark matter halos on the primordial black holes merger rate
• Effect of a High-Precision Semi-Analytical Mass Function on the Merger Rate of Primordial Black Holes in Dark Matter Halos
• Microlensing by the Halo MACHOs with Spatially Varying Mass Function
• Extending Gibbons-Werner method to bound orbits of massive particles
• CMB as a possible new tool to study the dark baryons in galaxies
• Millimagnitude Optical Photometry for the Transiting Planetary Candidate OGLE-TR-109
• The History of Primordial Black Holes
• Statistical Interpretation of LMC Microlensing Candidates
• Theory and practice of microlensing lightcurves around fold singularities
• Axion star condensation around primordial black holes and microlensing limits
• Microlensing optical depth, event rate, and limits on compact objects in dark matter based on 20 yr of OGLE observations of the Small Magellanic Cloud
• Reionization Constraints on the Contribution of Primordial Compact Objects to Dark Matter
• Removing the Microlensing Blending-Parallax Degeneracy Using Source Variability
• On the Possibility of Stellar Lenses in the Black Hole Candidate Microlensing Events MACHO-96-BLG-5 and MACHO-98-BLG-6
• Probing Bosonic Stars with Atomic Clocks
• The observational legacy of preon stars - probing new physics beyond the LHC
• Detecting compact dark matter in galaxy clusters via gravitational microlensing: A2218 & A370
• Empirical constraints on alternative gravity theories from gravitational lensing
• Proper Motion Objects in the Hubble Deep Field
• Primordial Black Hole-Neutron Star Merger Rate in Modified Gravity
• High-redshift microlensing and the spatial distribution of dark matter in the form of MACHOs
• A Novel, Fully Automated Pipeline for Period Estimation in the EROS 2 Data Set
• Searching for Galactic hidden gas through interstellar scintillation: Results from a test with the NTT-SOFI detector
• M31 Pixel Lensing PLAN Campaign: MACHO Lensing and Self Lensing Signals
• Variability and stellar populations with deep optical-IR images of the Milky Way disk: matching VVV with VLT/VIMOS data
• Microlensing signature of a white dwarf population in the galactic halo
• Detecting Dark Compact Objects in Gaia DR4: A Data Analysis Pipeline for Transient Astrometric Lensing Searches
• Finite source effect on the polarization degree induced by a single microlens
• Gravitomagnetic corrections to the lensing deflection angle for spiral galaxy models
• The MEMO project: Combining all microlensing surveys to search for intermediate-mass Galactic black holes
• Hunting gravitational wave black holes with microlensing
• The Magellanic Stream in Modified Newtonian Dynamics
• Power spectrum of density fluctuations, halo abundances and clustering with primordial black holes
• Resolving the Image of Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows with Gravitational Microlensing
• The glow of primordial remnants
• 60 Microlensing Events from the Three Years of Zwicky Transient Facility Phase One
• Implications of the BOOMERANG and MAXIMA-I results for the Baryon Mass Fraction in Clusters of galaxies
• Solution of the dark matter riddle within standard model physics: From black holes, galaxies and clusters to cosmology
• The Galactic Halo from Microlensing
• Beasts in Lambda-CDM Zoo
• The DECam Minute Cadence Survey I
• Photometric constraints on white dwarfs and the identification of extreme objects
• Identification of the Microlens in Event MACHO-LMC-20
• Gravitational Microlensing of Gamma Ray Bursts at Medium Optical Depth
• Origin of the Chemical Elements
• The contribution of Oxygen-Neon white dwarfs to the MACHO content of the Galactic Halo
• Strange quark matter as dark matter: 40 years later, a reappraisal
• Weakly interacting massive particle cross section limits from LOFAR observations of dwarf spheroidal galaxies
• Constraining the vertical structure of the Milky Way rotation by microlensing in a finite-width global disk model
• Cosmological Implications and Physical Properties of an X-Ray Flux-Limited Sample of Galaxy Clusters
• Microlensing of Circumstellar Disks
• Exoplanetary Microlensing
• Primordial black-hole formation and heavy r-process element synthesis from the cosmological QCD transition. Two aspects of an inhomogeneous early Universe
• Ground-based variability surveys towards Centaurus A: worthwhile or not?
• Compact Binary Merger Rate with Modified Gravity in Dark-Matter Spikes
• A critical analysis of the recent OGLE limits on stellar mass primordial black holes in the halo of the Milky Way
• Constraining Galactic Models Through Parallax and Astrometry of Microlensing Events
• HST Imaging of MEGA Microlensing Candidates in M31
• Can LISA Resolve Distance to the Large Magellanic Cloud?
• From (p)reheating to nucleosynthesis
• Fitting Photometry of Blended Microlensing Events
• Deep census of variable stars in a VLT/VIMOS field in Carina
• Number and Entropy of Halo Black Holes
• Evidence for microlensing by primordial black holes in quasar broad emission lines
• Detecting unresolved moving sources in a diffuse background
• Simulation of a strategy for the pixel lensing of M87 using the Hubble Space Telescope
• Using Optical and Near-IR Photometry to Test MACHO Lens Candidates
• Online classification for time-domain astronomy
• Bose-Einstein Condensate Dark Matter Halos confronted with galactic rotation curves
• Early formed astrophysical objects and cosmological antimatter
• Static spherically symmetric solutions of Einstein field equations with radial dark matter
• Are the red halos of galaxies made of low-mass stars? Constraints from subdwarf star counts in the Milky Way halo
• Detecting sublunar-mass primordial black holes with the Earth-Moon binary system
• On the Origin and Nature of Dark Matter
• Gravitational Microlensing Event Statistics for the Zwicky Transient Facility
• Entropy of the Universe and Hierarchical Dark Matter
• Modified Dark Matter in Galaxies and Galaxy Clusters
• Do micro brown dwarf detections explain the galactic dark matter?
• Optical Microlensing by Primordial Black Holes with IACTs
• Fundamental properties of the dark and the luminous matter from Low Surface Brightness discs
• A Model of Dark Matter and Energy
• Microlensing of dark matter models in the Milky Way
• Classical Cepheids, what else?
• Millinovae: A New Class of Transient Supersoft X-ray Sources without a Classical Nova Eruption
• Non-radially pulsating stars as microlensing sources
• Possible galactic sources of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays and a strategy for their detection via gravitational lensing
• White dwarfs with hydrogen-deficient atmospheres and the dark matter content of the Galaxy
• Testing merging of Dark Exotic Stars from Gravitational Waves in the Multi-messenger approach
• Disentangling the potential dark matter origin of LIGO's black holes
• The Dark Side of the Universe
• The Brown Dwarf Mass Function from Pixel Microlensing
• Astrophysical black holes
• Constraints on Galaxy Structure and Evolution from the Light of Nearby Systems
• Uncertainty estimation for time series classification: Exploring predictive uncertainty in transformer-based models for variable stars
• Looking for Intermediate-Mass Black Holes
• Cosmological nanolensing by dense gas clouds
• Model for common growth of supermassive black holes, bulges and globular star clusters: ripping off Jeans clusters
• Confirmation of the Stellar Binary Microlensing Event, Macho 97-BLG-28
• Composite dark matter and direct-search experiments
• Do the Herschel cold clouds in the Galactic halo embody its dark matter?
• Detecting Sub-lunar Mass Compact Objects toward the Local Group Galaxies
• Probing MACHOs Toward the Galactic Bulge
• Post Main Sequence Orbital Circularization of Binary Stars in the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds
• The Role of Strangeness in Astrophysics - an Odyssey through Strange Phases
• Leveraging pre-trained vision Transformers for multi-band photometric light curve classification
• Moving Objects in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field
• Elliptical (E) and ellicular (ES) galaxies in the M_bh-M_*,sph diagram, and a merger-driven explanation for the origin of ES galaxies, anti-truncated stellar discs in lenticular galaxies, and the Sersicification of E galaxy light profiles
• Constraining the Location of Microlensing Objects towards the LMC through Parallax Measurement in EAGLE Observations
• New Models for a Triaxial Milky Way Spheroid and Effect on the Microlensing Optical Depth to the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Photometric Properties of White Dwarf Dominated Halos
• EROS/MACHO Gravitational Microlensing Events Toward LMC in Evans Halo Model
• Hierarchical searches for subsolar-mass binaries and the third-generation gravitational wave detector era
• Measuring Limb Darkening of Stars in high magnification Microlensing Events by the Finite Element Method
• Probing the equation of state of neutron stars with captured primordial black holes
• Microlensing Surveys of M31 in the Wide Field Imaging Era
• Detecting dark objects with plasma microlensing by their gravitational wakes
• Constraining the environment of compact binary mergers with self-lensing signatures
• Pixel lensing observations towards globular clusters
• Microlensing towards the LMC revisited by adopting a non-Gaussian velocity distribution for the sources
• GRAPE: Genetic Routine for Astronomical Period Estimation
• MSSM WIMPs-nucleon cross section for E${}_{\chi }<$ 500 GeV
• Theory of Dark Matter
• Modelling Gaia photometry signals of dark halos
• Ultralight Axions Versus Primordial Black Holes
• Microlensing towards the Magellanic Clouds and M31: is the quest for MACHOs still open?
• Red Halos of Galaxies - Reservoirs of Baryonic Dark Matter?
• The Near-Infrared Sky Surveyor
• Dust stars in the minimal exponential measure model
• Luminosity limits on white dwarfs in a Galactic shroud
• Astrometric Detection of Double Gravitational Microlensing Events
• Primordial Black Holes Formation Beyond the Standard Cosmic QCD Transition
• An analytical model of surface mass densities of cold dark matter haloes - with an application to MACHO microlensing optical depths
• Primordial Black Hole Triggered Type Ia Supernovae II: Comparison with Supernova Remnants and Galactic Chemical Evolution
• Self-gravitating quantum stars with a globally relevant Bohm potential
• Angular Momentum of Dark Matter Black Holes
• Maximum PBH Mass and Primordiality
• The Dark Dimension, the Swampland, and the Dark Matter Fraction Composed of Primordial Black Holes
• Scalar neutrino dark matter in BLMSSM
• Hawking--Unruh Radiation from the relics of the cosmic quark hadron phase transition
• The VLT-FLAMES survey of massive stars. NGC2004#115: A triple system hosting a possible short period B+BH binary
• Desperately Seeking Intermediate-Mass Black Holes
• Gravitational lensing by point masses on regular grid points
• Primordial Intermediate Mass Black Holes as Dark Matter
• Limits in late time conversion of cold dark matter into dark radiation
• Microlensing in phase space II: Correlations analysis
• Gravitational microlensing constraints on primordial black holes by Euclid
• Has LIGO Detected Primordial Black Hole Dark Matter? -- Tidal Disruption in Binary Black Hole Formation
• MACHO 311.37557.169: A VY Scl star
• Relics of Cosmic Quark- Hadron Phase Transition and Massive Compact Halo Objects
• Primordial black holes capture by stars and induced collapse to low-mass stellar black holes
• From dense-dilute duality to self duality in high energy evolution
• Gravitational lensing of pulsars as a probe of dark matter halos
• In-depth analysis of the clustering of dark matter particles around primordial black holes. Part III: CMB constraints
• Swampland Conjectures and Cosmological Expansion
• A partially occulting MACHO-microlensing event in the Twin Quasar Q0957+561
• The Dark Side of the Moon: Listening to Scalar-Induced Gravitational Waves
• EROS light curve data base
• Angular Radii of Stars via Microlensing
• Microlensing and Variability in the Bulge of M31
• Excess of substructure due to primordial black holes
• Gravitational Microlensing Rates in Milky Way Globular Clusters
• Dark Matter Gravity Waves at LIGO and LISA
• NGC 2004 #115: a black hole imposter containing three luminous stars
• Remarks on Dark Matter Constituents with Many Solar Masses