Modified Newtonian Dynamics as an Alternative to Dark Matter

Abstract

Modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) is an empirically motivated modification of Newtonian gravity or inertia suggested by Milgrom as an alternative to cosmic dark matter. The basic idea is that at accelerations below a0 ~ 10^{-8} cm/s^2 ~ cH0/6 the effective gravitational attraction approaches sqrt{gN*a0} where gN is the usual Newtonian acceleration. This simple algorithm yields flat rotation curves for spiral galaxies and a mass-rotation velocity relation of the form M ~ V^4 that forms the basis for the observed luminosity-rotation velocity relation-- the Tully-Fisher law. We review the phenomenological success of MOND on scales ranging from dwarf spheroidal galaxies to superclusters, and demonstrate that the evidence for dark matter can be equally well interpreted as evidence for MOND. We discuss the possible physical basis for an acceleration-based modification of Newtonian dynamics as well as the extension of MOND to cosmology and structure formation.

To be published in volume 40 of Annual Reviews of Astronomy & Astrophysics. 36 pages plus 12 figures and 1 table

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• Probing the nature of gravity in the low-acceleration limit: wide binaries of extreme separations with perspective effects
• A New Empirical Fit to Galaxy Rotation Curves
• The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: A Test of the Gravitational Force Law on Cosmological Scales Using the Kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect
• Chameleon Gravity as an Alternative to Dark Matter
• Dark matter and alternative recipes for the missing mass
• Galactic Escape Speeds in Mirror and Cold Dark Matter Models
• Static Isotropic Spacetimes with Radially Imperfect Fluids
• Searching for MOND in scalar-tensor theories of gravity
• The "Graviton Picture": a Bohr Model for Gravitation on Galactic Scales?
• Measuring Mass of Gas in Central Galaxies using weak lensing and satellite kinematics in MOND
• MOND as a transformation between non-inertial reference frames via Sciama's interpretation of Mach's Principle
• MUSE-DARK-II: 3D morpho-kinematic modelling of lensed galaxies. Tully-Fisher relation of $z\sim 1$ star-forming galaxies
• Testing QUMOND theory with Galactic globular clusters in a weak external field
• Growth of black holes at the centre of early-type galaxies in MOND
• Gravitational acceleration in a class of geometric sigma models
• Relativistic Fractional-Dimension Gravity
• A MOND model applied to the rotation curve of galaxies
• Constraining the MOdified Newtonian Dynamics from spherically symmetrical hydrodynamic accretion
• Vacuum Modified Gravity as an explanation for flat galaxy rotation curves
• Merging Galaxy Clusters and the Search for New Physics of Dark Matter: A Review
• The Galactic Pizza: Flat Rotation Curves in the Context of Cosmological Time-Energy Coupling
• The total mass of the early-type galaxy NGC 4649 (M60)
• Point-like source solutions in modified gravity with a critical acceleration
• Remove point-mass concept-remove singularities from GR
• On the Presence of Angular-Velocity Offsets in Disk Galaxies
• Comparison of Modeling SPARC spiral galaxies' rotation curves: halo models vs MOND