Tests and problems of the standard model in Cosmology

Abstract

The main foundations of the standard $\Lambda$CDM model of cosmology are that: 1) The redshifts of the galaxies are due to the expansion of the Universe plus peculiar motions; 2) The cosmic microwave background radiation and its anisotropies derive from the high energy primordial Universe when matter and radiation became decoupled; 3) The abundance pattern of the light elements is explained in terms of primordial nucleosynthesis; and 4) The formation and evolution of galaxies can be explained only in terms of gravitation within a inflation+dark matter+dark energy scenario. Numerous tests have been carried out on these ideas and, although the standard model works pretty well in fitting many observations, there are also many data that present apparent caveats to be understood with it. In this paper, I offer a review of these tests and problems, as well as some examples of alternative models.

review, 64 pages, 473 references, accepted to be published in "Foundations of Physics"

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Cited by in corpus (8)

• Fourier-series expansion of the dark-energy equation of state
• Cosmology and the massive photon frequency shift in the Standard-Model Extension
• Questioning the $H_0$ tension via the look-back time
• Investigating dark energy by electromagnetic frequency shifts
• Missing large-angle correlations versus even-odd point-parity imbalance in the cosmic microwave background
• New evidence and analysis of cosmological-scale asymmetry in galaxy spin directions
• What if the universe expands linearly? A local general relativity to solve the "zero active mass" problem
• Eigenmode analysis of perurbations in the primordial medium at and before recombination