The Beginning and Evolution of the Universe

Abstract

We review the current standard model for the evolution of the Universe from an early inflationary epoch to the complex hierarchy of structure seen today. We summarize and provide key references for the following topics: observations of the expanding Universe; the hot early Universe and nucleosynthesis; theory and observations of the cosmic microwave background; Big Bang cosmology; inflation; dark matter and dark energy; theory of structure formation; the cold dark matter model; galaxy formation; cosmological simulations; observations of galaxies, clusters, and quasars; statistical measures of large-scale structure; and measurement of cosmological parameters. We conclude with discussion of some open questions in cosmology. This review is designed to provide a graduate student or other new worker in the field an introduction to the cosmological literature.

69 pages. Invited review article for Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. Supplementary references, tables, and more concise PDF file at http://www.physics.drexel.edu/universe

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• Hubble Parameter and Baryon Acoustic Oscillation Measurement Constraints on the Hubble Constant, the Deviation from the Spatially-Flat $\Lambda$cdm Model, The Deceleration-Acceleration Transition Redshift, and Spatial Curvature
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• Unanswered Questions in the Electroweak Theory
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• Observational constraints on the tilted flat-XCDM and the untilted nonflat XCDM dynamical dark energy inflation parameterizations
• Planck 2015 constraints on the non-flat XCDM inflation model
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• Exploring uncertainties in dark energy constraints using current observational data with Planck 2015 distance priors
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• Planck 2015 constraints on spatially-flat dynamical dark energy models
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