Origin of Galactic and Extragalactic Magnetic Fields

Abstract

A variety of observations suggest that magnetic fields are present in all galaxies and galaxy clusters. These fields are characterized by a modest strength (10^{-7}-10^{-5} G) and huge spatial scale (~Mpc). It is generally assumed that magnetic fields in spiral galaxies arise from the combined action of differential rotation and helical turbulence, a process known as the alpha-omega dynamo. However fundamental questions concerning the nature of the dynamo as well as the origin of the seed fields necessary to prime it remain unclear. Moreover, the standard alpha-omega dynamo does not explain the existence of magnetic fields in elliptical galaxies and clusters. The author summarizes what is known observationally about magnetic fields in galaxies, clusters, superclusters, and beyond. He then reviews the standard dynamo paradigm, the challenges that have been leveled against it, and several alternative scenarios. He concludes with a discussion of astrophysical and early Universe candidates for seed fields.

67 pages, 17 figures, accepted for publication in Reviews of Modern Physics

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• Cosmological Magnetic Fields vs. CMB
• Numerical dependencies of the galactic dynamo in isolated galaxies with SPH
• Baryogenesis and CP-Violating Domain Walls in the Background of a Magnetic Field
• Primordial Magnetic Helicity from Stochastic Electric Currents
• Magnetogenesis from axion-SU(2) inflation
• Probing Non-classicality of Primordial Gravitational Waves and Magnetic Field Through Quantum Poincare Sphere
• Intermediate Charge-Breaking Phases and Symmetry Non-Restoration in the 2-Higgs-Doublet Model
• Scale-dependent bias due to primordial vector fields
• Gamma-ray halos as a measure of intergalactic magnetic fields: a classical moment problem
• Special Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamics with Gravitation
• Magnetic dynamos in galaxy clusters: the crucial role of galaxy formation physics at high redshifts
• The generation of matter-antimatter asymmetries and hypermagnetic fields by the chiral vortical effect of transient fluctuations
• Hilltop inflation and generation of helical magnetic field
• Magnetogenesis by Wave-Driven Momentum Exchange
• Tracking Dark Energy from Axion-Gauge Field Couplings
• Correlated curvature perturbations and magnetogenesis from the GUT gauge bosons
• The formation of the first galaxies and the transition to low-mass star formation
• Introduction to Faraday tomography and its future prospects
• Axion electrodynamics and magnetohydrodynamics
• Smooth magnetogenesis
• New limits on the generation of magnetic field
• Secondary CMB temperature anisotropies from magnetic reheating
• Chiral fermion mass and dispersion relations at finite temperature in the presence of hypermagnetic fields
• Revisiting primordial magnetic fields through 21-cm physics: Bounds and forecasts
• Random Primordial Magnetic Fields and the Gas Content of Dark Matter Halos
• Linear wave spectrum associated with collective neutrino-plasma interactions in the early universe
• On the primordial correlation of gravitons with gauge fields
• Slowdown of interpenetration of two counterpropagating plasma slab due to collective effects
• Studies of the UHECR propagation in the Galactic Magnetic Field
• Polarised radiative transfer, rotation measure fluctuations and large-scale magnetic fields
• Spontaneous magnetization of a vacuum in the hot Universe and intergalactic magnetic fields
• Annihilation of the scalar pair into a photon on de Sitter spacetime
• Magnetic field evolution in dwarf and Magellanic-type galaxies
• Biermann Battery Powered by Resistive Heating Induced by Cosmic Ray Streaming
• Cosmological Magnetic Fields from Primordial Kerr-Newman Black Holes
• Luminosity distance for Born-Infeld electromagnetic waves propagating in a cosmological magnetic background
• Effects of Cosmological Magnetic Helicity on the CMB
• Expansion-Driven Self-Magnetization of High-Energy-Density Plasmas
• Production of photons in a bouncing universe
• Numerical simulations of divergence-type theories for conformal dissipative fluids
• Magnetic Fields from Compensated Isocurvature Perturbations
• Magnetogenesis from isocurvature initial conditions
• Cosmic-ray driven dynamo in galactic disks
• MHD waves within Noncommutative Maxwell theory
• Dynamo effects in magnetized ideal-plasma cosmologies
• Recombination era magnetic fields from axion dark matter
• Cosmic Electromagnetic Fields due to Perturbations in the Gravitational Field
• Fermion Scattering off a CP-violating Bubble Wall in the Background of a Uniform Magnetic Field
• Magnetic fields from cosmological bulk flows
• The Radio Spectral Energy Distribution and Star Formation Calibration in MIGHTEE-COSMOS Highly Star-Forming Galaxies at 1.5 < z < 3.5
• Radiation from charged particles on eccentric orbits in a dipolar magnetic field around a Schwarzschild black hole
• Magnetized cosmic walls
• Secondary B-mode polarization from Faraday rotation in clusters and galaxies
• Modification of the Dipole in Arrival Directions of Ultra-high-energy Cosmic Rays due to the Galactic Magnetic Field
• Effective field theory of magnetogenesis identify necessary and sufficient conditions
• A Note on the Cosmic Evolution of the Axion in a Strong Magnetic Field
• Imprints of the post recombination dissipation of helical magnetic field on the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
• A numerical study of primordial magnetic field amplification by inflation-produced gravitational waves
• Prospects for detection of the pair-echo emission from TeV gamma-ray bursts
• Exploring Faraday rotation signatures and population bounds for primordial magnetic black holes
• Large-Scale Magnetic Field Re-generation by Resonant MHD Wave Interactions
• Importance of magnetic helicity in dynamos
• Reconciling the magnetic field in central disc galaxies with the dynamical mass using the cosmological simulations
• Anisotropic cosmological solutions to the $Y(R)F^2$ gravity
• Inflation of the Universe by the Non-minimal $Y(R)F^2$ Models
• Partial invariants, large-scale dynamo action, and the inverse transfer of magnetic helicity
• Magnetic field generation in Higgs inflation model
• Stability of stealth magnetic field in de Sitter spacetime
• Hamiltonian formalism of cosmological perturbations and higher derivative theories
• Particle temperature and the Chiral Vortical Effect in the early universe
• Effects on the CMB from magnetic field dissipation before recombination
• Magnetised cosmological perturbations in the post-recombination era
• Magnetic helicity in primordial and dynamo scenarios of galaxies
• Primordial Magnetic Field Generated in Natural Infation
• On the mean field dynamo with Hall effect
• The Generation of Magnetic Fields and X-ray Observations
• 3-D exact analytical solutions of two fluid plasma, MHD and neutral fluid equations for the creation of ordered structures as well as jet-like flows
• Distinguishing Primordial Magnetic Fields from Inflationary Tensor Perturbations in the Cosmic Microwave Background
• Spectra of magnetic fields from electroweak symmetry breaking
• Conformal Methods in General Relativity with application to Conformal Cyclic Cosmology: A minicourse given at the IXth IMLG Warsaw 2018
• Investigation of the Radial Profile of Galactic Magnetic Fields using Rotation Measure of Background Quasars
• Inflationary magnetogenesis of primordial magnetic fields with multiple vector fields
• General Relativistic Razor-Thin Disks with Magnetically Polarized Matter
• Extragalactic magnetism with SOFIA (SALSA Legacy Program) -- IV: Program overview and first results on the polarization fraction
• Recasting Experimental Constraints on Relativistic Magnetic Monopoles
• Analytical models of finite thin disks in a magnetic field
• Large-scale magnetic fields in cosmology
• Biermann Mechanism in Primordial Supernova Remnant and Seed Fields
• Inflationary Magnetogenesis in $R^2$-Inflation after Planck 2015
• On the saturation mechanism of the fluctuation dynamo at ${\text{Pr}}_{\mathrm{M}}\ge 1$
• Electromotive field in space and astrophysical plasmas
• Electromagnetic conversion into kinetic and thermal energies
• Polarimetric imaging of interacting pairs
• Modelling Giant Radio Halos
• Spontaneous magnetization of collisionless plasma through the action of a shear flow
• Solutions to the Einstein-Maxwell-Current System with Sasakian maifolds
• Gravitational fermion creation during an anisotropic phase of cosmological expansion
• SU(2) Yang-Mills thermodynamics: a priori estimate and radiative corrections
• Cosmic magnetic fields and dark energy in extended electromagnetism
• Extreme TeV Blazars and Lower Limits on Intergalactic Magnetic Fields
• Imprints of Dark Photons on Gravitational Wave Polarizations
• Massive-photon electrodynamics and MHD in curved spacetime and cosmology
• Primordial magnetogenesis before recombination
• Intergalactic magnetic field lower limits up to the redshift $z\approx 3$
• Primordial Magnetogenesis from Killing Vector Fields
• Primordial magnetic fields in theories of gravity with non-minimal coupling between curvature and matter
• Formation of Stellar Clusters and the Importance of Thermodynamics for Fragmentation
• Mirror magnetic field and its impact on dark matter distribution in galaxies
• Noether gauge symmetry approach applying for the non-minimally coupled gravity to the Maxwell field
• The Primordial Magnetic Field (PMF) Generated in Large Field Inflation (LFI), Natural Inflation (NI) and $R^2$-Inflation by $f^{2}FF$ Model
• Implications of baryon-dark matter interaction on IGM temperature and tSZ effect with magnetic field
• Primordial magnetic fields in the $f^{2}FF$ model in large field inflation under de Sitter and power law expansion
• Galactic magnetic fields seeded by ultralight dark photons
• Thermal enhancement of inflationary magnetic fields
• Bound-state solutions for the charged Dirac oscillator in a rotating frame in the Bonnor-Melvin-Lambda spacetime
• PhD Thesis: String theory in the early universe
• On the origins of galactic magnetic fields
• Axion production and CMB spectral distortion in cosmological tangled magnetic field
• Braneworld Baryogenesis and QCD-Era Magnetogenesis: A Predictive Link
• Ill-posedness of the mean-field dynamo equations with a linear electromotive force
• Secondary CMB anisotropies from magnetized halos --I: Power spectra of the Faraday rotation angle and conversion rate
• Primordial magnetic non-Gaussianity with generic vacua and detection prospects in CMB spectral distortions
• Can accelerated expansion of the universe be due to spacetime vorticity?
• Towards convergence of turbulent dynamo amplification in cosmological simulations of galaxies
• Magnetic field generation by charge exchange in a supernova remnant in the early universe
• Radiative transfer dynamo effect
• The Impact of Inhomogeneous Perturbations of the Inflaton on the Cosmological Primordial Magnetic Field
• Kinematic dynamos and resolution limits for Smoothed Particle Magnetohydrodynamics