The NANOGrav 11-year Data Set: Pulsar-timing Constraints On The Stochastic Gravitational-wave Background

Abstract

We search for an isotropic stochastic gravitational-wave background (GWB) in the newly released $11$-year dataset from the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav). While we find no significant evidence for a GWB, we place constraints on a GWB from a population of supermassive black-hole binaries, cosmic strings, and a primordial GWB. For the first time, we find that the GWB upper limits and detection statistics are sensitive to the Solar System ephemeris (SSE) model used, and that SSE errors can mimic a GWB signal. We developed an approach that bridges systematic SSE differences, producing the first PTA constraints that are robust against SSE uncertainties. We thus place a $95\%$ upper limit on the GW strain amplitude of $A_{\mathrm{GWB}}<1.45\times 10^{-15}$ at a frequency of $f=1$ yr${}^{-1}$ for a fiducial $f^{-2/3}$ power-law spectrum, and with inter-pulsar correlations modeled. This is a factor of $\sim 2$ improvement over the NANOGrav $9$-year limit, calculated using the same procedure. Previous PTA upper limits on the GWB will need revision in light of SSE systematic uncertainties. We use our constraints to characterize the combined influence on the GWB of the stellar mass-density in galactic cores, the eccentricity of SMBH binaries, and SMBH--galactic-bulge scaling relationships. We constrain cosmic-string tension using recent simulations, yielding an SSE-marginalized $95\%$ upper limit on the cosmic string tension of $G\mu <5.3\times 10^{-11}$---a factor of $\sim 2$ better than the published NANOGrav $9$-year constraints. Our SSE-marginalized $95\%$ upper limit on the energy density of a primordial GWB (for a radiation-dominated post-inflation Universe) is ${\Omega }_{\mathrm{GWB}}(f)h^2<3.4\times 10^{-10}$.

arXiv comment21 pages, 12 figures, 9 tables. Published in The Astrophysical Journal. Please send any comments/questions to S. R. Taylor ([email protected])

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• Radio polarization of millisecond pulsars with multipolar magnetic fields
• Probing Leptophobic Dark Sectors via Gravitational Wave Signatures
• Unification of Conformal and Fuzzy Gravities with Internal Interactions resulting in SO(10) and a Possible Probe through Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background
• Simulating first-order phase transition during inflation
• Gravitational wave energy spectral density properties from BPASS Galactic binary population in the Milky Way galaxy
• Axion Dark Matter Archaeology with Primordial Gravitational Waves
• Imprints of an early matter-dominated era arising from dark matter dilution mechanism on cosmic string dynamics and gravitational wave signatures
• The spin-orbit alignment hypothesis in millisecond pulsars
• Complementary signatures of $\alpha -$attractor inflation in CMB and cosmic string Gravitational Waves
• Collapsing domain walls with ${\mathbb{Z}}_2$-violating coupling to thermalized fermions and their impact on gravitational wave detections
• Cosmic Collider Gravitational Waves sourced by Right-handed Neutrino production from Bubbles: Testing Seesaw, Leptogenesis and Dark Matter
• Stochastic gravitational wave background from the collisions of dark matter halos
• Fast, dust-poor outflows in the local candidate dual AGN MCG-03-34-64 observed with VLT/ERIS
• Relic gravitons at intermediate frequencies and the expansion history of the Universe
• Gravitational Waves from Gauge Quanta Produced during Inflation
• Cosmology of the companion-axion model: dark matter, gravitational waves, and primordial black holes
• Probing the Neutrino Seesaw Scale with Gravitational Waves
• Catching Gravitational Waves With A Galaxy-sized Net Of Pulsars
• A Parallelized Bayesian Approach To Accelerated Gravitational-Wave Background Characterization
• Probing Quadratically Coupled Ultralight Dark Matter with Pulsar Timing Arrays