Biases in Virial Black Hole Masses: An SDSS Perspective

Abstract

We compile black hole (BH) masses for $\sim 60,000$ quasars in the redshift range $0.1\lesssim z\lesssim 4.5$ included in the Fifth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), using virial BH mass estimators based on the \hbeta, \MgII, and \CIV emission lines. We find that: (1) within our sample, the widths of the three lines follow log-normal distributions, with means and dispersions that do not depend strongly on luminosity or redshift;(2) the \MgII- and \hbeta-estimated BH masses are consistent with one another; and (3) the \CIV BH mass estimator may be more severely affected by a disk wind component than the \MgII and \hbeta estimators, giving a positive bias in mass correlated with the \CIV-\MgII blueshift. Most SDSS quasars have virial BH masses in the range $10^8-10^9{M}_{\odot }$. There is a clear upper mass limit of $\sim 10^{10}{M}_{\odot }$ for active BHs at $z\gtrsim 2$, decreasing at lower redshifts. Making the reasonable assumptions that the underlying BH mass distribution decreases with mass and that the Eddington ratio distribution at fixed BH mass has non-zero width, we show that the measured virial BH mass distribution and Eddington ratio distribution are subject to Malmquist bias. A radio quasar subsample (with $1.5\lesssim z\lesssim 2.3$) has mean virial BH mass larger by $\sim 0.12$ dex than the whole sample. A broad absorption line (BAL) quasar subsample (with $1.7\lesssim z\lesssim 2.2$) has identical virial mass distribution as the nonBAL sample, with no mean offset. (Abridged)

arXiv commentUpdated virial mass measurements; improved presentation of the MC simulation; added new discussion sections; conclusions unchanged. The full table1 is available at http://www.astro.princeton.edu/~yshen/BH_mass/datafile1.txt.tar.gz

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• A New Iron Emission Template for Active Galactic Nuclei. I. Optical Template for the H$\beta$ region
• HS 1700+6416: the first high redshift non lensed NAL-QSO showing variable high velocity outflows
• Super-Eddington Accretion in the WISE-Selected Extremely Luminous Infrared Galaxy W2246-0526
• Cosmic Evolution of Star Formation In SDSS Quasar Hosts Since z=1
• Optical and radio properties of giant radio quasars: Central black hole characteristics
• HST Images and KPNO Spectroscopy of the Binary Black Hole Candidate SDSS J153636.22+044127.0
• Can we improve CIV-based single epoch black hole mass estimations?
• On the absorption of X-ray bright broad absorption line quasars
• The Close AGN Reference Survey (CARS): IFU survey data and the BH mass dependence of long-term AGN variability
• Rapid Black Hole Growth at the Dawn of the Universe: A Super-Eddington Quasar at z=6.6
• Testing the disk-corona interplay in radiatively-efficient broad-line AGN
• The Sloan Digital Sky Survey Reverberation Mapping Project: An Investigation of Biases in CIV Emission-Line Properties
• Eddington ratios of faint AGN at intermediate redshift: Evidence for a population of half-starved black holes
• The FeII/MgII flux ratio of low-luminosity quasars at z~3
• A comparative analysis of virial black-hole mass estimates of moderate-luminosity active galactic nuclei using Subaru/FMOS
• Metals in the circumgalactic medium are out of ionization equilibrium due to fluctuating active galactic nuclei
• CIV Emission and the Ultraviolet through X-ray Spectral Energy Distribution of Radio-Quiet Quasars
• Radiative Efficiency of Disk Accretion in Individual SDSS QSOs
• High-redshift Extreme Variability Quasars from Sloan Digital Sky Survey Multi-Epoch Spectroscopy
• Chemical Abundance of z~6 Quasar Broad-Line Regions in the XQR-30 Sample
• Detectability of low energy X-ray spectral components in type 1 AGN
• Feedback by AGN Jets and Wide-Angle Winds on a Galactic Scale
• Investigating AGN Black Hole Masses and the M-${\sigma }_e$ relation for Low Surface Brightness Galaxies
• Hard X-ray photon index as an indicator of bolometric correction in active galactic nuclei
• SDSS J013127.34$-$032100.1: A newly discovered radio-loud quasar at $z=5.18$ with extremely high luminosity
• The HELLAS2XMM survey. XIII. Multi-component analysis of the spectral energy distribution of obscured AGN
• SDSS 0956+5128: A Broad-line Quasar with Extreme Velocity Offsets
• The High-z Quasar Hubble Diagram
• Spectral Variability of a Sample of Extreme Variability Quasars and Implications for the MgII Broad-line Region
• A Quasar Catalog with Simultaneous UV, Optical and X-ray Observations by Swift
• Reconciling the Quasar Microlensing Disc Size Problem with a Wind Model of Active Galactic Nucleus
• New Method for Exploring Super-Eddington AGNs by Near-infrared Observations
• Constraints on black hole duty cycles and the black hole-halo relation from SDSS quasar clustering
• MOIRCS Deep Survey III: Active Galactic Nuclei in Massive Galaxies at z=2-4
• Ultraviolet Emission-Line Correlations in Hubble/COS Spectra of Active Galactic Nuclei: Single-Epoch Black Hole Masses
• Multimessenger pulsar timing array constraints on supermassive black hole binaries traced by periodic light curves
• Constraining the quasar population with the broad-line width distribution
• Survey of Extremely High-velocity Outflows in Sloan Digital Sky Survey Quasars
• Highly variable AGN from the XMM-Newton Slew Survey
• Exploring the nature of orbits in a galactic model with a massive nucleus
• AT 2021loi: A Bowen Fluorescence Flare with a Rebrightening Episode, Occurring in a Previously-Known AGN
• Demographics of z ~ 6 Quasars in the Black Hole Mass-Luminosity Plane
• Accretion Properties of High- and Low-Excitation Young Radio Galaxies
• The relative growth of Optical and Radio Quasars in SDSS
• The Evolution of M_*/M_BH Between z=2 and z=0
• Stronger Constraints on the Evolution of the $M_{\mathrm{BH}}-{\sigma }_{\ast }$ Relation up to $z\sim 0.6$
• Observational evidence that positive and negative AGN feedback depends on galaxy mass and jet power
• On Constraining the Growth History of Massive Black Holes via Their Distribution on the Spin-Mass Plane
• A revision of the X-ray absorption nature of the BALQSOs
• J004457+4123 (Sharov 21): not a remarkable nova in M31 but a background quasar with a spectacular UV flare
• Downsizing of supermassive black holes from the SDSS quasar survey
• A Search for Optical Variability of Type 2 Quasars in SDSS Stripe 82
• An FMOS Survey of moderate-luminosity broad-line AGN in COSMOS, SXDS and E-CDF-S
• On the origins of C IV absorption profile diversity in broad absorption line quasars
• Optical Spectroscopy of Bright Fermi LAT Blazars
• SDSS J094635.06+101706.1: a redshift one, very radio-loud, γ-ray emitting narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy
• On the cosmological evolution of the black hole - host galaxy relation in quasars
• Near Infrared Spectra and Intrinsic Luminosities of Candidate Type II Quasars at 2 < z < 3.4
• Evidence for higher black hole spin in radio-loud quasars
• Do the spectral energy distributions of type 1 AGN show diversity?
• Extreme Variability Quasars in Their Various States. I: The sample selection and composite SDSS spectra
• Biases in the Quasar Mass-Luminosity Plane
• Downsizing of supermassive black holes from the SDSS quasar survey (II). Extension to z~4
• Mid-infrared microlensing of accretion disc and dusty torus in quasars: effects on flux ratio anomalies
• Host Galaxies of z=4 Quasars
• The Reddest DR3 SDSS/XMM Quasars
• GA-NIFS and EIGER: A merging quasar host at z=7 with an overmassive black hole
• Chemical enrichment and accretion of nitrogen-loud quasars
• The accretion of a solar mass per day by a 17-billion solar mass black hole
• Spatially Resolving the Kinematics of the <100 μas Quasar Broad Line Region using Spectroastrometry
• Gravitational waves from supermassive black hole binaries in ultra-luminous infrared galaxies
• The Kinematics of Quasar Broad Emission Line Regions Using a Disk-wind Model
• Faint COSMOS AGN at z~3.3 - I. Black Hole Properties and Constraints on Early Black Hole Growth
• An extremely X--ray weak blazar at z=5
• The miniJPAS survey: AGN & host galaxy co-evolution of X-ray selected sources
• SALT long-slit spectroscopy of LBQS 2113-4538: variability of the Mg II and Fe II component
• Systematically smaller single-epoch quasar black hole masses using a radius-luminosity relationship corrected for spectral bias
• Quenching of supermassive black hole growth around the apparent maximum mass
• The Quasar Mass-Luminosity Plane II: High Mass Turnoff Evolution and a Synchronization Puzzle
• GB6 J2113+1121: A multi-wavelength flaring gamma-ray blazar temporally and spatially coincident with the neutrino event IceCube-191001A
• Correlation between Optical and UV Variability of Quasars
• The Infrared Medium-deep Survey. IV. Low Eddington Ratio of A Faint Quasar at $z\sim 6$: Not Every Supermassive Black Hole is Growing Fast in the Early Universe
• On using inspiralling supermassive binary black holes in the PTA frequency band as standard sirens to constrain dark energy
• Relativistic redshifts in quasar broad lines
• Do quasar broad-line velocity widths add any information to virial black hole mass estimates?
• SALT long-slit spectroscopy of CTS C30.10: two-component Mg II line
• Single-Epoch Black Hole Mass Estimators For Broad-Line Active Galactic Nuclei: Recalibrating Hbeta with A New Approach
• Powerful Radio-Loud Quasars are Triggered by Galaxy Mergers in the Cosmic Bright Ages
• An X-ray variable absorber within the Broad Line Region in Fairall 51
• Unveiling the Intrinsic X-ray Properties of Broad Absorption Line Quasars with a Relatively Unbiased Sample
• The preferentially magnified active nucleus in IRAS F10214+4724 - III. VLBI observations of the radio core
• The central engine of the highest redshift blazar
• The strong environmental dependence of black hole scaling relations
• The Accuracy of Supermassive Black Hole Masses Determined by the Single-Epoch-Spectrum (Dibai) Method
• The Most Massive Active Galactic Nuclei at $1\lesssim z\lesssim 2$
• A Mote in Andromeda's Disk: a Misidentified Periodic AGN Behind M31
• Measuring the luminosity and virial black hole mass dependence of quasar-galaxy clustering at z ~ 0.8
• Using the Properties of Broad Absorption Line Quasars to Illuminate Quasar Structure
• Connecting Low- and High-Redshift Weak Emission-Line Quasars via HST Spectroscopy of Ly$\alpha$ Emission
• Mid-Infrared Selected Quasars I: Virial Black Hole Mass and Eddington Ratios
• Resolving the dynamical mass of a z~1.3 QSO host galaxy using SINFONI and Laser Guide Star assisted Adaptive Optics
• The Sloan Digital Sky Survey Reverberation Mapping Project: Biases in z>1.46 Redshifts due to Quasar Diversity
• The Importance of Broad Emission-Line Widths in Single Epoch Black Hole Mass Estimates
• The redshift and broad band spectral energy distribution of NRAO 150
• The link between star-formation and supermassive black hole properties
• Probing AGN Inner Structure with X-ray Obscured Type 1 AGN
• Intrinsic and observed dual AGN fractions from major mergers
• The Infrared Medium-deep Survey. III. Survey of Luminous Quasars at 4.7 $\le$ z $\le$ 5.4
• Black hole masses of weak emission line quasars based on continuum fit method
• A note on periodicity of long-term variations of optical continuum in active galactic nuclei
• Near-infrared spectroscopy of a nitrogen-loud quasar SDSS J1707+6443
• Gemini Near Infrared Spectrograph -- Distant Quasar Survey: Augmented Spectroscopic Catalog and a Prescription for Correcting UV-Based Quasar Redshifts
• Probing black hole accretion in quasar pairs at high redshift
• Do stellar-mass and super-massive black holes have similar dining habits?
• Rest-frame UV single-epoch black hole mass estimates of low-luminosity AGN at intermediate redshifts
• Episodic activities of supermassive black holes at redshift $z\le 2$: driven by mergers?
• CIV emission line properties and uncertainties in black hole mass estimates of z ~ 3.5 quasars
• Shining Light on Merging Galaxies I: The Ongoing Merger of a Quasar with a `Green Valley' Galaxy
• Spatially resolved Lyman-$\alpha$ emission around radio bright quasars
• VLT/SINFONI study of black hole growth in high redshift radio-loud quasars from the CARLA survey
• A powerful (and likely young) radio-loud quasar at z=5.3
• Probing spectral properties of radio-quiet quasars searched for optical microvariability
• Alignments Of Black Holes With Their Warped Accretion Disks And Episodic Lifetimes Of Active Galactic Nuclei
• Pulsar Timing Array Constraints on the Merger Timescale of Subparsec Supermassive Black Hole Binary Candidates
• The U.S. Naval Observatory VLBI Spectroscopic Catalog
• X-rays from a radio-loud compact BAL Quasar 1045+352 and the nature of outflows in radio-loud BAL Quasars
• Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of Quasars at z~3 and Estimates of Their Supermassive Black Hole Masses
• Discovery and characterization of 25 new quasars at 4.6 < z < 6.9 from wide-field multi-band surveys
• Active Galaxies and the Study of Black Hole Demographics
• Characterising SMSS J2157--3602, the most luminous known quasar, with accretion disc models
• Jet-powered Outflows in Supermassive Black Hole Binary Candidate SDSS J1048+0055
• An observational link between AGN Eddington ratio and [NII]λ6583/Ha at 0.6<z<1.7
• Toward Precision Measurement of Central Black Hole Masses
• A quasar companion to the puzzling quasar SDSS J0927+2943
• The Nature of Luminous Quasars with Very Large C IV Equivalent Widths
• Multi-wavelength properties of three new radio-powerful $z\sim 5.6$ quasi-stellar objects discovered from RACS
• Possible evolution of the circum-galactic medium around QSOs with QSO age and cosmic time revealed by Ly$\alpha$ halos
• Intranight optical variability of radio-loud broad absorption line quasars
• A γ-ray emitting NLS1 galaxy SDSS J095909.51+460014.3 identified by multiwavelength contemporaneous brightening
• Quasars with Anomalous Hβ Profiles I: Demographics
• SALT long-slit spectroscopy of HE 0435-4312: fast displacement in the Mg II emission line
• First black hole mass estimation for the quadruple lensed system WGD2038-4008
• Comprehensive view on a $z\sim 6.5$ radio-loud QSO: from the radio to the optical/NIR to the X-ray band
• The Success of Optical Variability in Uncovering AGNs in Low-stellar Mass Galaxies
• A Newborn AGN in a Starforming Galaxy
• The physical constraints on a new LoBAL QSO at z=4.82
• Mass of the black hole in the Seyfert 1.5 galaxy H 0507+164 from reverberation mapping
• Evidence that Eddington ratio depends upon a supermassive black hole's mass and redshift: Implications for radiative efficiency
• The Quasar Mass-Luminosity Plane III: Smaller Errors on Virial Mass Estimates
• Multi-scale simulations of black hole accretion in barred galaxies: Self-gravitating disk models
• Observational window effects on multi-object Reverberation Mapping
• Discovery of a Quasar with Double-Peaked Broad Balmer Emission Lines
• X-ray Eclipses of Active Galactic Nuclei
• Rapidly Spinning Black Holes in Quasars: An Open Question
• Rapidly accreting black hole of the Lyα-luminous quasar PSO J006.1240+39.2219
• A measure of cosmological distance using the \civ\ Baldwin effect in quasars
• Black Hole masses for 14 gravitational lensed quasars
• Uncertainty Quantification of the Virial Black Hole Mass with Conformal Prediction
• Effects of Biases in Virial Mass Estimation on Cosmic Synchronization of Quasar Accretion
• Evolutionary Tracks of Individual Quasars in the Mass-Luminosity Plane
• Cosmic spin and mass evolution of black holes and its impact
• Ultraviolet Fe II Emission in Fainter Quasars: Luminosity Dependences, and the Influence of Environments
• Supermassive black holes with higher Eddington ratios preferentially form in gas-rich galaxies
• Discovering bright quasars at intermediate redshifts based on the optical/near-IR colors
• Tracing the History of Recent Bulge Star Formation in Active Galactic Nuclei
• On the Power to Constrain the Accretion History of Massive Black Holes via Spin Measurements by Upcoming X-Ray Telescopes
• Deep absorption in SDSS J110511.15+530806.5
• Association of Optical, Ultraviolet and Soft X-ray excess Emissions in AGNs
• Probing spectral properties of radio-quiet quasars searched for optical microvariability-II
• Dramatic X-ray spectral variability of a Compton-thick type-1 QSO at $z\sim 1$
• Techniques for Profile Binning and Analysis of Eigenvector Composite Spectra: Comparing Hbeta and MgII 2800 as Virial Estimators
• Identifying Changing-Look AGN Transitions in Light Curve Data with the Zwicky Transient Facility
• Past, present and Future of the Scaling Relations of Galaxies and Active Galactic Nuclei
• PHL 6625: A Minor Merger-Associated QSO Behind NGC 247
• Spectral Energy Distribution Modeling of Broad Emission Line Quasars: From X-ray to Radio Wavelengths
• Large-scale environments of star-forming active galactic nuclei: How black hole mass, accretion rate, and luminosity connect to dark matter halos
• The first supermassive black hole mass measurement in active galactic nuclei using the polarization of broad emission line Mg II
• Molecular gas content of gravitational-lensed quasars at cosmic noon
• On the non-evolution of the dependence of black hole masses on bolometric luminosities for QSOs
• Strong correlation between FeII/MgII ratio and Eddington ratio of type 1 Active galactic nuclei
• Quasar Mass Functions Across Cosmic Time