Resequencing the Hubble sequence and the quadratic (black hole mass)-(spheroid stellar mass) relation for elliptical galaxies

Abstract

One of the most protracted problems in astronomy has been understanding the evolution of galaxy morphology. Much discussion has surrounded how lenticular galaxies may form a bridging population between elliptical and spiral galaxies. However, with recourse to a galaxy's central black hole mass, accretion-built spiral galaxies have emerged as the bridging population between low-mass lenticular galaxies and the dusty merger-built lenticular galaxies contiguous with elliptical galaxies and `brightest cluster galaxies' in the black hole/galaxy mass diagram. Spiral galaxies, including the Milky Way, appear built from gas accretion and minor mergers onto what were initially lenticular galaxies. These connections are expressed as a new morphology sequence, dubbed the `Triangal', which subsumes elements of the Hubble sequence and the van den Bergh trident and reveals the bridging nature of the often overlooked ellicular galaxies. Furthermore, a quadratic black hole/galaxy mass relation is found to describe ordinary elliptical galaxies. The relation is roughly parallel to the quadratic-like relations observed for the central spheroidal component of spiral galaxies, dust-rich lenticular galaxies, and old dust-poor lenticular galaxies. The brightest cluster galaxies are offset according to expectations from an additional major merger. The findings have implications for feedback from active galactic nuclei, mapping morphology into simulations, and predicting gravitational wave signals from colliding supermassive black holes. A new galaxy speciation model is presented. It disfavours the `monolithic collapse' scenario for spiral, dusty lenticular, and elliptical galaxies. It reveals substantial orbital angular momentum in the Universe's first galaxies and unites dwarf and ordinary `early-type' galaxies.

15 pages, 8 figures

References in corpus (49)

• Cold streams in early massive hot haloes as the main mode of galaxy formation
• A Cosmological Framework for the Co-Evolution of Quasars, Supermassive Black Holes, and Elliptical Galaxies: I. Galaxy Mergers & Quasar Activity
• The Co-Evolution of Galaxies and Supermassive Black Holes: Insights from Surveys of the Contemporary Universe
• A population of red candidate massive galaxies ~600 Myr after the Big Bang
• A Comprehensive Study on Galaxies at z~9-16 Found in the Early JWST Data: UV Luminosity Functions and Cosmic Star-Formation History at the Pre-Reionization Epoch
• The Evolution of Galaxy Structure over Cosmic Time
• The Importance of Satellite Quenching for the Build-Up of the Red Sequence of Present Day Galaxies
• Metallicity Effects on Dust Properties in Starbursting Galaxies
• On the evidence for a common-spectrum process in the search for the nanohertz gravitational-wave background with the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array
• A Classical Morphological Analysis of Galaxies in the Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (S4G)
• Strangulation in Galaxy Groups
• The Hierarchical Build-Up of Massive Galaxies and the Intracluster Light since z=1
• The ghost of a dwarf galaxy: fossils of the hierarchical formation of the nearby spiral galaxy NGC 5907
• Cold Dark Matter Substructure and Galactic Disks II: Dynamical Effects of Hierarchical Satellite Accretion
• Panic! At the Disks: First Rest-frame Optical Observations of Galaxy Structure at $z>3$ with JWST in the SMACS 0723 Field
• Black Hole Mass Scaling Relations for Early-Type Galaxies: $M_{BH}$-$M_{\ast ,sph}$ and $M_{BH}$-$M_{\ast ,gal}$
• The M31 Velocity Vector. III. Future Milky Way-M31-M33 Orbital Evolution, Merging, and Fate of the Sun
• Origin of the excess of high-energy retrograde stars in the Galactic halo
• Gravitational waves from intermediate-mass-ratio inspirals for ground-based detectors
• Discovery of a relationship between spiral arm morphology and supermassive black hole mass in disk galaxies
• The Globular Cluster Migratory Origin of Nuclear Star Clusters
• Transformation of Morphology and Luminosity Classes of the SDSS Galaxies
• The Weak Lensing Radial Acceleration Relation: Constraining Modified Gravity and Cold Dark Matter theories with KiDS-1000
• Merger-induced galaxy transformations in the ARTEMIS simulations
• A direct measurement of galaxy major and minor merger rates and stellar mass accretion histories at $z<3$ using galaxy pairs in the REFINE survey
• CO Detection and Millimeter Continuum Emission from Low Surface Brightness Galaxies
• Appreciating mergers for understanding the non-linear $M_{\mathrm{bh}}$-$M_{\ast ,\mathrm{spheroid}}$ and $M_{\mathrm{bh}}$-$M_{\ast ,\mathrm{galaxy}}$ relations, updated herein, and the implications for the (reduced) role of AGN feedback
• Dynamics of astrophysical objects against the cosmological background
• Mass Evaporation Rate of Globular Clusters in a Strong Tidal Field
• A galaxy classification grid that better recognises early-type galaxy morphology
• Mapping the Tidal Disruption of the Hercules Dwarf: A Wide-Field DECam Imaging Search for RR Lyrae Stars
• Implications for the origin of dwarf early-type galaxies: a detailed look at the isolated rotating dwarf early-type galaxy CG 611, with ramifications for the Fundamental Plane's (S_K)^2 kinematic scaling and the spin-ellipticity diagram
• The most ancient spiral galaxy: a 2.6-Gyr-old disk with a tranquil velocity field
• Defining the (Black Hole)-Spheroid Connection with the Discovery of Morphology-Dependent Substructure in the $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$--${\mathrm{n}}_{\mathrm{sph}}$ and $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$--${\mathrm{R}}_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{sph}}$ Diagrams: New Tests for Advanced Theories and Realistic Simulations
• $R_{\mathrm{e}}$. I. Understanding galaxy sizes, associated luminosity densities, and the artificial division of the early-type galaxy population
• WALLABY Pre-Pilot Survey: The effects of tidal interaction on radial distribution of color in galaxies of the Eridanus supergroup
• Can we Detect Intermediate Mass Ratio Inspirals?
• Is NGC 3108 transforming itself from an early to late type galaxy -- an astronomical hermaphrodite?
• Morphology and the Color-Mass Diagram as Clues to Galaxy Evolution at z~1
• A consistency-test for determining whether ultra-compact dwarf galaxies could be the remnant nuclei of threshed galaxies
• Reading the tea leaves in the $M_{\mathrm{bh}}$-$M_{\ast ,\mathrm{sph}}$ and $M_{\mathrm{bh}}$-$R_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{sph}}$ diagrams: dry and gaseous mergers with remnant angular momentum
• Invoking the virial theorem to understand the impact of (dry) mergers on the $M_{\mathrm{bh}}$-$\sigma$ relation
• The SLUGGS Survey: Trails of SLUGGS galaxies in a modified spin-ellipticity diagram
• Potential Black Hole Seeding of the Spiral Galaxy NGC 4424 via an Infalling Star Cluster
• NGC1600 - Cluster or Field Elliptical?
• On the link between nuclear star cluster and globular cluster system mass, nucleation fraction and environment
• Splitting the lentils: Clues to galaxy/black hole coevolution from the discovery of offset relations for non-dusty versus dusty (wet-merger-built) lenticular galaxies in the $M_{\mathrm{bh}}$-$M_{\ast ,\mathrm{spheroid}}$ diagram
• Future merger of the Milky Way with the Andromeda galaxy and the fate of their supermassive black holes
• Role of galactic gaseous halos in recycling enriched winds from bulges to disks: A new bulge-disk chemical connection

Cited by in corpus (6)

• Detection of astrophysical gravitational wave sources by TianQin and LISA
• Discovery of a Planar Black Hole Mass Scaling Relation for Spiral Galaxies
• Identification of Intermediate-mass Black Hole Candidates Among a Sample of Sd Galaxies
• Causal Discovery in Astrophysics: Unraveling Supermassive Black Hole and Galaxy Coevolution
• Elliptical (E) and ellicular (ES) galaxies in the M_bh-M_*,sph diagram, and a merger-driven explanation for the origin of ES galaxies, anti-truncated stellar discs in lenticular galaxies, and the Sersicification of E galaxy light profiles
• AGILE: an end-to-end Rubin-LSST simulation of AGNs, galaxies, and stars I. Software description and first data release