Pulsational pair instability as an explanation for the most luminous supernovae

Abstract

The extremely luminous supernova SN 2006gy challenges the traditional view that the collapse of a stellar core is the only mechanism by which a massive star makes a supernova, because it seems too luminous by more than a factor of ten. Here we report that the brightest supernovae in the modern Universe arise from collisions between shells of matter ejected by massive stars that undergo an interior instability arising from the production of electron-positron pairs. This "pair instability" leads to explosive burning that is insufficient to unbind the star, but ejects many solar masses of the envelope. After the first explosion, the remaining core contracts and searches for a stable burning state. When the next explosion occurs, several solar masses of material are again ejected, which collide with the earlier ejecta. This collision can radiate 1E50 erg of light, about a factor of ten more than an ordinary supernova. Our model is in good agreement with the observed light curve for SN 2006gy and also shows that some massive stars can produce more than one supernova-like outburst.

arXiv comment23 pages including 15 figures and 2 tables; submitted to Nature on June 4, 2007

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• Eruption of the Envelope of Massive Stars by Energy Injection with Finite Duration
• Forward Modelling the O3(a+b) GW transient mass distributions with BPASS by varying compact remnant mass and SNe kick prescriptions
• How much radioactive nickel does ASASSN-15lh require?
• The peculiar case of the "double-humped" super-luminous supernova SN2006oz
• Signatures of an eruptive phase before the explosion of the peculiar core-collapse SN 2013gc
• Late-Time Dust Emission from the Type IIn Supernova 1995N
• A cosmic formation site of silicon and sulphur revealed by a new type of supernova explosion
• The interacting nature of dwarf galaxies hosting superluminous supernovae
• CHIPS: Complete History of Interaction-Powered Supernovae
• iPTF14hls as a variable hyper-wind from a very massive star
• Can Population III stars be major origins of both merging binary black holes and extremely metal poor stars?
• Euclid detectability of pair instability supernovae in binary population synthesis models consistent with merging binary black holes
• Searching for precursor activity of Type IIn Supernovae
• Direct Determination of Hubble Parameter Using Type IIn Supernovae
• The Type II Superluminous SN 2008es at Late Times: Near-Infrared Excess and Circumstellar Interaction
• Supernovae and Gaia
• Unveiling the Nature of SN 2011fh: a Young and Massive Star Gives Rise to a Luminous SN 2009ip-like Event
• Wave-Driven Shocks in Stellar Outbursts: Dynamics, Envelope Heating, and Nascent Blastwaves
• Synthetic spectra of energetic core-collapse supernovae and the early spectra of SN 2007bi and SN 1999as
• Evidence of the pair instability gap from black hole masses
• The landscape of binary core-collapse supernova progenitors and the late emergence of Wolf-Rayet winds
• Spatially resolved analysis of Superluminous Supernovae PTF~11hrq and PTF~12dam host galaxies
• SN 1961V: A Pulsational Pair-Instability Supernova
• DES16C3cje: A low-luminosity, long-lived supernova
• Constraints on the multiplicity of the most massive stars known: R136 a1, a2, a3, and c
• A Pilot Search for Population III Supernova Candidates in the Spitzer/IRAC Dark Field
• Strongly lensed SN Refsdal: refining time delays based on the supernova explosion models
• Variability of Late-time Radio Emission in SLSN PTF10hgi
• Detection of LIGO-Virgo binary black holes in the pair-instability mass gap
• A Systematic Study Of Superluminous Supernova Lightcurve Models Using Clustering
• iPTF14hls in the circumstellar medium interaction model: A promising candidate for a pulsational pair-instability supernova
• A Precursor Plateau and Pre-Maximum [O II] Emission in the Superluminous SN2019szu: A Pulsational Pair-Instability Candidate
• Luminous supernovae associated with ultra-long gamma-ray bursts from hydrogen-free progenitors extended by pulsational pair-instability
• Black Hole Formation and Explosion from Rapidly Rotating Very Massive Stars
• The Evolution of Accreting Population III Stars at 10${}^{-6}$-10${}^3$ M${}_{\odot }$/yr
• Observational implications of cosmologically coupled black holes
• Stochastic Core Spin-Up in Massive Stars -- Implications of 3D Simulations of Oxygen Shell Burning
• Dissecting a SN impostor's circumstellar medium: MUSEing about the SHAPE of eta Car's outer ejecta
• Physics of Superluminous Supernovae
• The detectability of single spinless stellar-mass black holes through gravitational lensing of gravitational waves with advanced LIGO
• Failed supernovae as a natural explanation for the binary black hole mass distribution
• Comparing hierarchical black hole mergers in star clusters and active galactic nuclei
• Strong-lensing cosmography using third-generation gravitational-wave detectors
• Reexamining Evidence of a Pair-Instability Mass Gap in the Binary Black Hole Population
• Determining the Hubble Constant with AGN-assisted Black Hole Mergers
• SN 2008iy circumstellar interaction: Bright and lesser light effect
• The Science Case for PILOT II: the Distant Universe
• Probing the Circumstellar Environment of highly luminous type IIn SN ASASSN-14il
• HSC16aayt: Slowly evolving interacting transient rising for more than 100 days
• Episodic Mass Loss and Pre-SN Circumstellar Envelopes
• Multiple giant eruptions and X-ray emission in the recoiling AGN/LBV candidate SDSS1133
• Supernovae from rotating stars
• Close, bright and boxy: the superluminous SN 2018hti
• Deeper, Wider, Sharper: Next-Generation Ground-Based Gravitational-Wave Observations of Binary Black Holes
• Formation rate of LB-1-like systems through dynamical interactions
• The discovery and classification of 16 supernovae at high redshifts in ELAIS-S1 - the Stockholm VIMOS Supernova Survey II
• Pair-Instability Supernovae of Fast Rotating Stars
• SN 2020zbf: A fast-rising hydrogen-poor superluminous supernova with strong carbon lines
• Moderate-Resolution Holographic Spectrograph
• Multimessenger hierarchical triple merger gravitational-wave event pair GW190514-GW190521 inside AGN J124942.3 + 344929
• Stellar Evolution at Low Metallicity
• Massive stars exploding in a He-rich circumstellar medium $-$ X. Flash spectral features in the Type Ibn SN 2019cj and observations of SN 2018jmt
• Synthetic Spectra of Pair-Instability Supernovae in 3D
• Wind of presupernova IIn SN~1997eg
• Astrophysics with the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna
• Unexpected LIGO events and the Mirror World
• A puzzle solved after two decades: SN 2002gh among the brightest of superluminous supernovae
• Persistent X-ray emission from ASASSN-15lh: massive ejecta and pre-SLSN dense wind?
• The origin channels of hierarchical binary black hole mergers in the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA O1, O2, and O3 runs
• Eruptive mass loss less than a year before the explosion of superluminous supernovae: I. The cases of SN 2020xga and SN 2022xgc
• Light Curves and Event Rates of Axion Instability Supernovae
• On the nature of slowly rising interaction-powered supernovae
• Dynamics and observational signatures of core-collapse supernovae with central engines: hydrodynamics simulations with Monte Carlo post-processing
• Exploring GRBs and supernovae connection: does a superluminous hypernova population exist?
• The bright, dusty aftermath of giant eruptions & H-rich supernovae. Late interaction of supernova shocks & dusty circumstellar shells
• Modeling of the Interaction of GRB Prompt Emission with the Circumburst Medium
• Thermal Emission in Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows
• Chemical Yields from Supernovae and Hypernovae
• Impacts of the ${}^{12}\mathrm{C}{\left(\alpha ,\gamma \right)}^{16}\mathrm{O}$ reaction rate on ${}^{56}\mathrm{Ni}$ nucleosynthesis in pair-instability supernovae
• Black Holes LIGO/Virgo Domination and Single-lined Binaries with a Black Hole Candidate Component
• On the Astrophysical Origin of Binary Black Hole Subpopulations: A Tale of Three Channels?
• Hydrodynamic Modelling of Early Peaks in Type Ibc Supernovae with Circumstellar Interaction
• Are all models wrong? Falsifying binary formation models in gravitational-wave astronomy
• High Cadence TESS and ground-based data of SN 2019esa, the less energetic sibling of SN 2006gy
• Supernovae at the cosmic dawn
• Explaining unusual line profiles of SN 2006gy
• Observed Consequences of Presupernova Instability in Very Massive Stars
• Studying newborn neutron stars by the transient emission after stellar collapses and compact binary mergers
• Detailed evolutionary models of massive contact binaries: I. Model grids and synthetic populations for the Magellanic Clouds
• Gamma-ray signature of superluminous supernovae: Fermi-LAT GeV detection of SN 2017egm and evidence of a central engine
• Rotational Dynamics in Pulsational Pair-Instability Supernovae: Implications for Mass-Loss and Transient Events
• JWST Detection of Hydrocarbon Ices and Methane Gas on Makemake
• Multi-epoch variability of AT 2000ch (SN 2000ch) in NGC 3432 -- A radio continuum and optical study
• Cosmic Radioactivity and Galactic Chemical Evolution
• On the Effect of Driving Turbulent-like Fluctuations on a Harris-Current Sheet Configuration and the Formation of Plasmoids
• Eruptive mass loss less than a year before the explosion of superluminous supernovae. II. A systematic search for pre-explosion eruptions with VLT/X-shooter
• Relativistic Coulomb Screening in Pulsational Pair Instability Supernovae
• Supernova interaction with dense mass loss
• A VLA Survey of Late-time Radio Emission from Superluminous Supernovae and the Host Galaxies
• Pulsar-driven Jets in Supernovae, Gamma-Ray Bursts, and the Universe
• Dynamical double black holes and their host cluster properties
• Modeling the outcome of supernova explosions in binary population synthesis using the stellar compactness
• Around the Pair Instability Valley - Massive SN Progenitors
• Estimating Transient Rates from Cosmological Simulations and BPASS
• A database of spectral energy distributions of progenitors of core-collapse supernovae
• Discovering Supernovae at Epoch of Reionization with Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
• Imagination and Understanding through Astrophysical Imagery
• Radiation-Driven Stellar Eruptions
• SN 2024hpj: A perspective on SN 2009ip-like events