DES16C3cje: A low-luminosity, long-lived supernova

Abstract

We present DES16C3cje, a low-luminosity, long-lived type II supernova (SN II) at redshift 0.0618, detected by the Dark Energy Survey (DES). DES16C3cje is a unique SN. The spectra are characterized by extremely narrow photospheric lines corresponding to very low expansion velocities of $\lesssim 1500$ km s${}^{-1}$, and the light curve shows an initial peak that fades after 50 days before slowly rebrightening over a further 100 days to reach an absolute brightness of M${}_r\sim -15.5$ mag. The decline rate of the late-time light curve is then slower than that expected from the powering by radioactive decay of ${}^{56}$Co but is comparable to that expected from accretion power. Comparing the bolometric light curve with hydrodynamical models, we find that DES16C3cje can be explained by either i) a low explosion energy (0.11 foe) and relatively large ${}^{56}$Ni production of 0.075 M${}_{\odot }$ from a $\sim 15$ M${}_{\odot }$ red supergiant progenitor typical of other SNe II, or ii) a relatively compact $\sim 40$ M${}_{\odot }$ star, explosion energy of 1 foe, and 0.08 M${}_{\odot }$ of ${}^{56}$Ni. Both scenarios require additional energy input to explain the late-time light curve, which is consistent with fallback accretion at a rate of $\sim 0.5\times 10^{-8}$ M${}_{\odot }$ s${}^{-1}$.

Accepted in MNRAS. 17 pages, 6 figures

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