Dynamical double black holes and their host cluster properties

Abstract

We investigate the relationship between the global properties of star clusters and their double black hole (DBH) populations. We use the code {\tt NBODY6} to evolve a suite of star cluster models with an initial mass of $\mathcal{O}(10^4)$M${}_{\odot }$ and varying initial parameters. We conclude that cluster metallicity plays the most significant role in determining the lifespan of a cluster, while the initial half-mass radius is dominant in setting the rate of BH exchange interactions in the central cluster regions. We find that the mass of interacting BHs, rather than how frequently their interactions with other BHs occur, is more crucial in the thermal expansion and eventual evaporation of the cluster. We formulate a novel approach to easily quantify the degree of BH-BH dynamical activity in each model. We report 12 in-cluster and three out-of-cluster (after ejection from the cluster) DBH mergers, of different types (inspiral, eccentric, hierarchical) across the ten $N$-body models presented. Our DBH merger efficiency is 3--4$\times 10^{-5}$ mergers per M${}_{\odot }$. We note the cluster initial density plays the most crucial role in determining the number of DBH mergers, with the potential presence of a transitional density point (between 1.2-3.8$\times 10^3$M${}_{\odot }$/pc${}^3$) below which the number of in-cluster mergers increases with cluster density and above which the increased stellar density acts to prevent in-cluster BH mergers. The importance of the history of dynamical interactions within the cluster in setting up the pathways to ejected DBH mergers is also discussed. Our findings show a broad match with observed LIGO-Virgo DBH mergers.

arXiv commentSubmitted to MNRAS, 30 pages

References in corpus (170)

• Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger
• GW170817: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Neutron Star Inspiral
• On the variation of the Initial Mass Function
• Advanced Virgo: a 2nd generation interferometric gravitational wave detector
• GWTC-1: A Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog of Compact Binary Mergers Observed by LIGO and Virgo during the First and Second Observing Runs
• Advanced LIGO
• GWTC-2: Compact Binary Coalescences Observed by LIGO and Virgo During the First Half of the Third Observing Run
• Binary interaction dominates the evolution of massive stars
• Evolution of binary stars and the effect of tides on binary populations
• Comprehensive analytic formulae for stellar evolution as a function of mass and metallicity
• Mass-loss predictions for O and B stars as a function of metallicity
• The Nucleosynthetic Signature of Population III
• GW190425: Observation of a Compact Binary Coalescence with Total Mass $\sim 3.4M_{\odot }$
• A statistical study of 233 pulsar proper motions
• GW190521: A Binary Black Hole Merger with a Total Mass of $150M_{\odot }$
• Exploring the Sensitivity of Next Generation Gravitational Wave Detectors
• Science Case for the Einstein Telescope
• Core-Collapse Supernovae from 9 to 120 Solar Masses Based on Neutrino-powered Explosions
• Common Envelope Evolution: Where we stand and how we can move forward
• Compact Remnant Mass Function: Dependence on the Explosion Mechanism and Metallicity
• A Comprehensive Study of Binary Compact Objects as Gravitational Wave Sources: Evolutionary Channels, Rates, and Physical Properties
• Compact Object Modeling with the StarTrack Population Synthesis Code
• The Milky Way's Circular Velocity Curve to 60 kpc and an Estimate of the Dark Matter Halo Mass from Kinematics of ~2400 SDSS Blue Horizontal Branch Stars
• Pulsational Pair-Instability Supernovae
• Resolved Massive Star Clusters in the Milky Way and its Satellites: Brightness Profiles and a Catalogue of Fundamental Parameters
• Double Compact Objects I: The Significance Of The Common Envelope On Merger Rates
• Pulsational pair instability as an explanation for the most luminous supernovae
• Properties and astrophysical implications of the 150 Msun binary black hole merger GW190521
• On The Maximum Mass of Stellar Black Holes
• A new route towards merging massive black holes
• The Velocity Distribution of Isolated Radio Pulsars
• Binary Black Hole Mergers from Globular Clusters: Masses, Merger Rates, and the Impact of Stellar Evolution
• The Effects of Binary Evolution on the Dynamics of Core Collapse and Neutron-Star Kicks
• Large Merger Recoils and Spin Flips From Generic Black-Hole Binaries
• Assisted Inspirals of Stellar Mass Black Holes Embedded in AGN Disks: Solving the "Final AU Problem"
• Bayesian inference for compact binary coalescences with BILBY: Validation and application to the first LIGO--Virgo gravitational-wave transient catalogue
• The Evolution of Compact Binary Star Systems
• Pair-Instability Supernovae, Gravity Waves, and Gamma-Ray Transients
• Secular evolution of compact binaries near massive black holes: gravitational wave sources and other exotica
• A comprehensive set of simulations studying the influence of gas expulsion on star cluster evolution
• Internal Dynamics of Globular Clusters
• Binary Black Hole Mergers from Globular Clusters: Implications for Advanced LIGO
• On the Eccentricity Distribution of Coalescing Black Hole Binaries Driven by the Kozai Mechanism in Globular Clusters
• Consequences of gravitational radiation recoil
• The Effect of Pair-Instability Mass Loss on Black Hole Mergers
• Supermassive recoil velocities for binary black-hole mergers with antialigned spins
• Formation of the first three gravitational-wave observations through isolated binary evolution
• The evolutionary roads leading to low effective spins, high black hole masses, and O1/O2 rates of LIGO/Virgo binary black holes
• Illuminating Black Hole Binary Formation Channels with Spins in Advanced LIGO
• The Formation of Eccentric Compact Binary Inspirals and the Role of Gravitational Wave Emission in Binary-Single Stellar Encounters
• Black Holes: The Next Generation -- Repeated Mergers in Dense Star Clusters and their Gravitational-Wave Properties
• Eccentric Black Hole Mergers Forming in Globular Clusters
• Binary black hole mergers from field triples: properties, rates and the impact of stellar evolution
• Are merging black holes born from stellar collapse or previous mergers?
• Most Black Holes are Born Very Slowly Rotating
• One Channel to Rule Them All? Constraining the Origins of Binary Black Holes using Multiple Formation Pathways
• GW190521: orbital eccentricity and signatures of dynamical formation in a binary black hole merger signal
• On the formation history of Galactic double neutron stars
• Lidov-Kozai Cycles with Gravitational Radiation: Merging Black Holes in Isolated Triple Systems
• The effect of the metallicity-specific star formation history on double compact object mergers
• Distinguishing Spin-Aligned and Isotropic Black Hole Populations With Gravitational Waves
• A Robust Measure of Tidal Circularization in Coeval Binary Populations: The solar-type spectroscopic Binary Population in The Open Cluster M35
• The Dynamical Evolution of Stellar Black Holes in Globular Clusters
• Massive black hole binaries from runaway collisions: the impact of metallicity
• Stellar-mass black holes in star clusters: implications for gravitational wave radiation
• Post-Newtonian Dynamics in Dense Star Clusters: Formation, Masses, and Merger Rates of Highly-Eccentric Black Hole Binaries
• Post-Newtonian Dynamics in Dense Star Clusters: Highly-Eccentric, Highly-Spinning, and Repeated Binary Black Hole Mergers
• Dynamics of stellar black holes in young star clusters with different metallicities - II. Black hole-black hole binaries
• Eccentric Black Hole Mergers in Dense Star Clusters: The Role of Binary-Binary Encounters
• Accelerating NBODY6 with Graphics Processing Units
• The origin of spin in binary black holes: Predicting the distributions of the main observables of Advanced LIGO
• Two stellar-mass black holes in the globular cluster M22
• The spin of the second-born black hole in coalescing binary black holes
• On the rarity of double black hole binaries: consequences for gravitational-wave detection
• Spin orientations of merging black holes formed from the evolution of stellar binaries
• Black hole growth through hierarchical black hole mergers in dense star clusters: implications for gravitational wave detections
• Investigating stellar-mass black hole kicks
• Constraints from gravitational wave detections of binary black hole mergers on the ${}^{12}\mathrm{C}{\left(\alpha ,\gamma \right)}^{16}\mathrm{O}$ rate
• Dynamical evolution of black hole sub-systems in idealised star clusters
• Three-Dimensional Simulations of Neutrino-Driven Core-Collapse Supernovae from Low-Mass Single and Binary Star Progenitors
• Black hole triple dynamics: breakdown of the orbit average approximation and implications for gravitational wave detections
• A Numerical Relativity Waveform Surrogate Model for Generically Precessing Binary Black Hole Mergers
• Ultra-stripped Type Ic supernovae from close binary evolution
• The observed velocity distribution of young pulsars
• Gravitational recoil from spinning binary black hole mergers
• Hierarchical analysis of gravitational-wave measurements of binary black hole spin-orbit misalignments
• Helium Star/Black Hole Mergers: a New Gamma-Ray Burst Model
• Implementing Few-Body Algorithmic Regularization with Post-Newtonian Terms
• Stellar-mass black holes in young massive and open stellar clusters and their role in gravitational-wave generation
• Getting Its Kicks: A VLBA Parallax for the Hyperfast Pulsar B1508+55
• The life cycle of star cluster in a tidal field
• Families of dynamically hot stellar systems over ten orders of magnitude in mass
• Direct N-body Modelling of Stellar Populations: Blue Stragglers in M67
• A Comprehensive Study of Neutron Star Retention in Globular Clusters
• Use of gravitational waves to probe the formation channels of compact binaries
• The impact of pair-instability mass loss on the binary black hole mass distribution
• Natal Kicks of Stellar-Mass Black Holes by Asymmetric Mass Ejection in Fallback Supernovae
• Estimates of black-hole natal kick velocities from observations of low-mass X-ray binaries
• Monte Carlo Simulations of Globular Cluster Evolution. IV. Direct Integration of Strong Interactions
• Populating the upper black hole mass gap through stellar collisions in young star clusters
• Binary black holes in young star clusters: the impact of metallicity
• On the unreasonable effectiveness of the post-Newtonian approximation in gravitational physics
• High-accuracy mass, spin, and recoil predictions of generic black-hole merger remnants
• Binary black holes in the pair-instability mass gap
• BSE versus StarTrack: implementations of new wind, remnant-formation, and natal-kick schemes in NBODY7 and their astrophysical consequences
• Retention of Stellar-Mass Black Holes in Globular Clusters
• Redshift Evolution of the Black Hole Merger Rate from Globular Clusters
• On the Assembly Rate of Highly Eccentric Binary Black Hole Mergers
• Gravitational Wave Recoil and the Retention of Intermediate Mass Black Holes
• Simple recipes for compact remnant masses and natal kicks
• Mass loss rates and the mass evolution of star clusters
• MOCCA-SURVEY Database I: Eccentric Black Hole Mergers During Binary-Single Interactions In Globular Clusters
• Binary Black Holes in Dense Star Clusters: Exploring the Theoretical Uncertainties
• The cosmic merger rate density evolution of compact binaries formed in young star clusters and in isolated binaries
• Direct N-Body Modeling of the Old Open Cluster NGC 188: A Detailed Comparison of Theoretical and Observed Binary Star and Blue Straggler Populations
• Stellar-mass black holes in young massive and open stellar clusters IV: updated stellar-evolutionary and black hole spin models and comparisons with the LIGO-Virgo O1/O2 merger-event data
• Intermediate Mass Black Hole Formation in compact Young Massive Star Clusters
• Population synthesis of black hole binary mergers from star clusters
• Hydrodynamical Neutron-star Kicks in Electron-capture Supernovae and Implications for the CRAB Supernova
• Mergers and ejections of black holes in globular clusters
• How initial size governs core collapse in globular clusters
• Gravitational Radiation from Intermediate-Mass Black Holes
• Constraining the formation of black-holes in short-period Black-Hole Low-Mass X-ray Binaries
• Enhanced Black-Hole Mergers in Binary-Binary Interactions
• Neutrino-driven explosions of ultra-stripped type Ic supernovae generating binary neutron stars
• Explosions Driven by the Coalescence of a Compact Object with the Core of a Massive-Star Companion Inside a Common Envelope: Circumstellar Properties, Light Curves, and Population Statistics
• Black Hole Mergers from Hierarchical Triples in Dense Star Clusters
• On the Population of Wind-Accreting Neutron Stars in the Galaxy
• Probing multiple populations of compact binaries with third-generation gravitational-wave detectors
• Million-Body Star Cluster Simulations: Comparisons between Monte Carlo and Direct $N$-body
• Evidence for two populations of Galactic globular clusters from the ratio of their half-mass to Jacobi radii
• The effect of stellar-mass black holes on the central kinematics of omega Cen: a cautionary tale for IMBH interpretations
• Binary Black Hole Mergers from Globular Clusters: the Impact of Globular Cluster Properties
• Dust-enshrouded giants in clusters in the Magellanic Clouds
• Gravitational-Wave Emission from Binary Black Holes Formed in Open Clusters
• Inferences about supernova physics from gravitational-wave measurements: GW151226 spin misalignment as an indicator of strong black-hole natal kicks
• The formation and dynamical evolution of young star clusters
• Understanding the Dynamical State of Globular Clusters: Core-Collapsed vs Non Core-Collapsed
• Modelling Neutron Star-Black Hole Binaries: Future Pulsar Surveys and Gravitational Wave Detectors
• Dynamics of compact objects clusters: A post-Newtonian study
• Merging Black Holes in the Low-mass and High-mass Gaps from 2+2 Quadruple Systems
• Preparing the next gravitational million-body simulations: Evolution of single and binary stars in Nbody6++GPU, MOCCA and McLuster
• A supra-massive population of stellar-mass black holes in the globular cluster Palomar 5
• Extracting the Gravitational Recoil from Black Hole Merger Signals
• Black hole kicks as new gravitational wave observables
• Merger rate density of binary black holes formed in open clusters
• The Formation of Stellar Black Holes
• Stellar-mass black holes in young massive and open stellar clusters and their role in gravitational-wave generation III: dissecting black hole dynamics
• The fates of massive stars: exploring uncertainties in stellar evolution with METISSE
• The Size Scale of Star Clusters
• Black Hole Mergers from Star Clusters with Top-Heavy Initial Mass Functions
• Find the Gap: Black Hole Population Analysis with an Astrophysically Motivated Mass Function
• The Observed Rate of Binary Black Hole Mergers can be Entirely Explained by Globular Clusters
• N-body models of globular clusters: metallicity, half-light radii and mass-to-light ratios
• Poking Holes: Looking for Gaps in LIGO/Virgo's Black Hole Population
• A dynamical gravitational wave source in a dense cluster
• Flipping spins in mass transferring binaries and origin of spin-orbit misalignment in binary black holes
• Infrared Spectroscopic Study of 8 Galactic Globular Clusters
• Stellar-mass black holes in young massive and open stellar clusters V: comparisons with LIGO-Virgo merger rate densities
• An extremely metal-deficient globular cluster in the Andromeda Galaxy
• The Gaia-ESO Survey: Detailed Abundances in the Metal-poor Globular Cluster NGC 4372
• Impact of initial mass functions on the dynamical channel of gravitational wave sources
• Astrophysics, cosmology, and fundamental physics with compact binary coalescence and the Einstein Telescope
• The Lifetimes of Star Clusters Born with a Top-heavy IMF
• Formation of low-spinning 100 Msun black holes
• Binary black hole mergers from young massive and open clusters: comparison to GWTC-2 gravitational wave data
• The branching ratio of LIGO binary black holes
• Dynamically Formed Black Hole Binaries: In-Cluster Versus Ejected Mergers
• Black Hole Mass Function of Coalescing Binary Black Hole Systems: Is There a Pulsational Pair Instability Mass Cutoff?
• Correlation Between Mass Segregation and Structural Concentration in Relaxed Stellar Clusters

Cited by in corpus (6)

• Coalescing black hole binaries from globular clusters: mass distributions and comparison to gravitational wave data from GWTC-3
• Dynamics of binary black holes in young star clusters: the impact of cluster mass and long-term evolution
• Black hole - black hole total merger mass and the origin of LIGO/Virgo sources
• Predictions of a simple parametric model of hierarchical black hole mergers
• Accretion-modified stellar-mass black hole distribution and milli-Hz gravitational wave backgrounds from galaxy centre
• Backward Population Synthesis: Mapping the Evolutionary History of Gravitational-Wave Progenitors