The Milky Way's Circular Velocity Curve to 60 kpc and an Estimate of the Dark Matter Halo Mass from Kinematics of ~2400 SDSS Blue Horizontal Branch Stars

Abstract

We derive new constraints on the mass of the Milky Way's dark matter halo, based on a set of halo stars from SDSS as kinematic tracers. Our sample comprises 2401 rigorously selected Blue Horizontal-Branch (BHB) halo stars drawn from SDSS DR-6. To interpret these distributions, we compare them to matched mock observations drawn from two different cosmological galaxy formation simulations designed to resemble the Milky Way, which we presume to have an appropriate orbital distribution of halo stars. We then determine which value of ${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{cir}}(\mathrm{r})$ brings the observed distribution into agreement with the corresponding distributions from the simulations. This procedure results in an estimate of the Milky Way's circular velocity curve to $\sim 60$ kpc, which is found to be slightly falling from the adopted value of $220km{\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ at the Sun's location, and implies M$(<60\mathrm{kpc})=4.0\pm 0.7\times 10^{11}$M${}_{\odot }$. The radial dependence of ${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{cir}}(\mathrm{r})$, derived in statistically independent bins, is found to be consistent with the expectations from an NFW dark matter halo with the established stellar mass components at its center. If we assume an NFW halo profile of characteristic concentration holds, we can use the observations to estimate the virial mass of the Milky Way's dark matter halo, M${}_{\mathrm{vir}}=1.0_{-0.2}^{+0.3}\times 10^{12}$M${}_{\odot }$, which is lower than many previous estimates. This estimate implies that nearly 40% of the baryons within the virial radius of the Milky Way's dark matter halo reside in the stellar components of our Galaxy. A value for M${}_{\mathrm{vir}}$ of only $\sim 1\times 10^{12}$M${}_{\odot }$ also (re-)opens the question of whether all of the Milky Way's satellite galaxies are on bound orbits.

arXiv comment42 pages, 17 figures and 3 table. Accepted by APJ

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• Clustering of Local Group distances: publication bias or correlated measurements? V. Galactic rotation constants
• Contribution of Gaia Sausage to the Galactic Stellar Halo Revealed by K Giants and Blue Horizontal Branch Stars from the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope, Sloan Digital Sky Survey, and Gaia
• The phantom dark matter halos of the Local Volume in the context of modified Newtonian dynamics
• The effect of tides on the Sculptor dwarf spheroidal galaxy
• The orbital PDF: the dynamical state of Milky Way sized haloes and the intrinsic uncertainty in the determination of their masses
• Determination of Dark Matter Halo Mass from Dynamics of Satellite Galaxies
• The Cetus-Palca stream: A disrupted small dwarf galaxy. A prequel to the science possible with WEAVE with precise spectro-photometric distances
• Constraints on the dark matter annihilation from Fermi-LAT observation of M31
• Impact of the Galactic Disk and Large Magellanic Cloud on the Trajectories of Hypervelocity Stars Ejected from the Galactic Center
• The Galactic potential and the asymmetric distribution of hypervelocity stars
• A new calibration for the Blue Horizontal Branch
• The connection between the host halo and the satellite galaxies of the Milky Way
• Characterizing the Galactic warp with Gaia: I. The tilted ring model with a twist
• Galactic googly: the rotation-metallicity bias in the inner stellar halo of the Milky Way
• A-type stars in the Canada-France Imaging Survey II. Tracing the height of the disc at large distances with Blue Stragglers
• A dynamics-free lower bound on the mass of our galaxy
• Systematic uncertainties from halo asphericity in dark matter searches
• Clean catalogues of blue horizontal-branch stars using Gaia EDR3
• Around The Way: Testing $\Lambda$CDM with Milky Way Stellar Stream Constraints
• Updated detection prospects for relic neutrinos using coherent scattering
• HALO7D I: The Line of Sight Velocities of Distant Main Sequence Stars in the Milky Way Halo
• What galaxy masses perturb the local cosmic expansion?
• Cosmic clocks: A Tight Radius - Velocity Relationship for HI-Selected Galaxies
• The Far-Away Blues: Exploring the Furthest Extents of the Boötes I Ultra Faint Dwarf Galaxy
• Modelling the Observed Stellar Mass Function and its Radial Variation in Galactic Globular Clusters
• The distribution of faint satellites around central galaxies in the CFHT Legacy Survey
• The impact of galaxy geometry and mass evolution on the survival of star clusters
• Spiral arm kinematics for Milky Way stellar populations
• DA white dwarfs observed in LAMOST pilot survey
• Photometric identification of blue horizontal branch stars
• What to expect from dynamical modelling of galactic haloes
• On the origins of extreme velocity stars as revealed by large-scale Galactic surveys
• A LAMOST BHB Catalog and Kinematics Therein I: Catalog and Halo Properties
• SMHASH: Anatomy of the Orphan Stream using RR Lyrae stars
• Kinematics in galactic tidal tails - A source for Hypervelocity stars?
• Estimating the Milky Way's Mass via Hierarchical Bayes: A Blind Test on MUGS2 Simulated Galaxies
• A VST and VISTA study of globular clusters in NGC253
• Weighing the Galactic dark matter halo: a lower mass limit from the fastest halo star known
• Searching for hot subdwarf stars from the LAMOST spectra. III. classifying the hot subdwarf stars from LAMOST DR4 using deep learning method
• On the change of old neutron star masses with galactocentric distance
• A Galactic Ring of Minimum Stellar Density Near the Solar Orbit Radius
• Metallicity and Kinematics of the Galactic halo from the LAMOST sample stars
• The Proper Motion of Pyxis: the first use of Adaptive Optics in tandem with HST on a faint halo object
• Applying scale-free mass estimators to the Local Group in Constrained Local Universe Simulations
• Exploring the interaction between the MW and LMC with a large sample of blue horizontal branch stars from the DESI survey
• Gamma-ray anisotropies from dark matter in the Milky Way: the role of the radial distribution
• The QuaStar Survey: Detecting Hidden Low-Velocity Gas in the Milky Way's Circumgalactic Medium
• A useful guide for gravitational wave observers to test modified gravity models
• The diversity of assembly histories leading to disc galaxy formation in a LambdaCDM model
• A Lower Limit on the Mass of Our Galaxy from the H3 Survey
• The Milky Way's dark matter halo appears to be lopsided
• Constraints on the Galactic Inner Halo Assembly History from the Age Gradient of Blue Horizontal-branch Stars
• Luminosity distance in Swiss cheese cosmology with randomized voids and galaxy halos
• Probing isolated compact remnants with microlensing
• Revisiting perfect fluid dark matter: Observational constraints from our galaxy
• The effect of gravitational tides on dwarf spheroidal galaxies
• The Milky Way, Coming into Focus: Precision Astrometry Probes its Evolution, and its Dark Matter
• Initial phases of high-mass star formation: A multiwavelength study towards the extended green object G12.42+0.50
• The structure and kinematics of the the Galaxy thin gaseous disc outside the solar orbit
• Median Statistics Estimate of the Galactic Rotational Velocity
• Fast Molecular Cloud Destruction Requires Fast Cloud Formation
• The Galactic One-Way Shapiro Delay to PSR B1937+21
• Pulsating White Dwarfs
• Origin of a massive hyper-runaway subgiant star LAMOST-HVS1 -- implication from Gaia and follow-up spectroscopy
• Galactic Shapiro Delay to the Crab Pulsar and limit on Einstein's Equivalence Principle Violation
• The post-infall evolution of a satellite galaxy
• Discovery of a thin stellar stream in the SLAMS survey
• Galactic orbital motions in the Dark Matter, MOdified Newtonian Dynamics and MOdified Gravity scenarios
• Life and death of a hero - Lessons learned from modeling the dwarf spheroidal Hercules: an incorrect orbit?
• Constructing the Milky Way Stellar Halo in the Galactic Center by Direct Orbit Integration
• The prolate dark matter halo of the Andromeda galaxy
• Searching for Hot Subdwarf Stars in LAMOST DR1-II. Pure spectroscopic identification method for hot subdwarfs
• Constraining the Milky Way Dark Matter Density Profile with Gamma-Rays with Fermi-LAT
• Unimodular Constraint on global scale Invariance
• An extended view of the Pisces Overdensity from the SCUSS survey
• Impact of substructure on local dark matter searches
• An X-ray and SZ bright diffuse source toward M31: a Local Hot Bridge
• The SDSS-Gaia View of the Color-Magnitude Relation for Blue Horizontal-branch Stars
• Stellar streams around the Magellanic Clouds in 4D
• Properties of Galactic Dark Matter: Constraints from Astronomical Observations
• The outermost edges of the Milky Way halo from galaxy kinematics
• The Spectacular Tidal Tails of Globular Cluster M3 (NGC 5272)
• Local Group Analogs in $\Lambda$CDM cosmological simulations
• Influence of the cosmic repulsion on the MOND model of the Magellanic Cloud motion in the field of Milky Way
• Clumpiness enhancement of charged cosmic rays from dark matter annihilation with Sommerfeld effect
• Spectroscopic Follow-Up of the Hercules Aquila Cloud
• Torus Models of the Outer Disc of the Milky Way using LAMOST Survey Data
• Evidence of Fanning in the Ophiuchus Stream
• Do High-Velocity Clouds trace the Dark Matter subhalo population?
• Testing Weyl Gravity at Galactic and Extra-galactic Scales
• Testing the star formation scaling relations in the clumps of the North American and Pelican cloud complexes
• Impact of stellar population synthesis choices on forward modelling-based redshift distribution estimates
• VVV Survey of Blue Horizontal-Branch Stars in the Bulge-Halo Transition Region of the Milky Way
• Exploring the total Galactic extinction with SDSS BHB stars
• Hydrogen lines in LAMOST low resolution spectra of RR Lyrae stars
• The Reduced Proper Motion selected halo: methods and description of the catalogue
• Testing MOG theory in the Milky Way
• Testing anthropic reasoning for the cosmological constant with a realistic galaxy formation model
• Differential rotation of the halo traced by the K-giant stars
• A halo blue straggler on a highly eccentric retrograde orbit
• A Catalog of Distance Determinations for the LAMOST DR8 K Giants in the Galactic Halo
• Non-Parametric Spherical Jeans Mass Estimation with B-splines
• Neutrinos from WIMP annihilation in the Sun : Implications of a self-consistent model of the Milky Way's dark matter halo
• The First Distance Constraint on the Renegade High Velocity Cloud Complex WD
• Jeans that fit: weighing the mass of the Milky Way analogues in the $\Lambda \mathrm{CDM}$ universe
• Galactic Fly-Bys: New Source of Lithium Production
• Proper motion measurements for stars up to $100$ kpc with Subaru HSC and SDSS Stripe 82
• The Early Evolution of Star Clusters in Compressive and Extensive Tidal Fields
• Testing Modified Gravity theory (MOG) with Type Ia Supernovae, Cosmic Chronometers and Baryon Acoustic Oscillations
• How to calculate dark matter direct detection exclusion limits that are consistent with gamma rays from annihilation in the Milky Way halo
• X-ray Clusters of Galaxies as Cosmological Tools
• A Cold Stellar Stream in Pegasus
• 3-D kinematics of classical Cepheids according to Gaia, EDR3 catalog
• The Milky Way rotation curve in Horava - Lifshitz theory
• Calibrating the BHB Star Distance Scale and the Halo Kinematic Distance to the Galactic Centre
• Constraining the Milky Way Mass with Its Hot Gaseous Halo
• Equilibrium axisymmetric halo model for the Milky Way and its implications for direct and indirect DM searches
• Probing the shape of the Milky Way dark matter halo with hypervelocity stars: a new method
• GCN: a gaseous Galactic halo stream?
• The coevolution of the velocity and mass functions of galaxies and dark haloes
• Testing the Dark Matter Caustic Theory Against Observations in the Milky Way
• On the Adromeda to Milky Way mass-ratio
• Leaves on trees: identifying halo stars with extreme gradient boosted trees
• On the origin of the asymmetric dwarf galaxy distribution around Andromeda
• Influence of the Galactic gravitational field on the positional accuracy of extragalactic sources
• Conservative constraints on the effective theory of dark matter-nucleon interactions from IceCube: the impact of operator interference
• Isothermal distributions in MONDian gravity as a simple unifying explanation for the ubiquitous $\rho \propto r^{-3}$ density profiles in tenuous stellar halos
• A few provoking relations between dark energy, dark matter and pions
• High-mass star formation toward southern infrared bubble S10
• Probing modified Newtonian dynamics with hypervelocity stars
• Concentrating the Dark Matter in Galaxy Clusters through Tidal Stripping of Baryonically-Compressed Galactic Halos
• Semi-empirical catalog of early-type galaxy-halo systems: dark matter density profiles, halo contraction and dark matter annihilation strength
• Anthropic constraints on the cosmological constant from Sun's motion through the Milky Way
• The Lives of Stars: Insights From the TGAS-RAVE-LAMOST Dataset
• Characterizing the SHARDS of Disrupted Milky Way Satellites with LAMOST
• Observational constraint on axion dark matter in a realistic halo profile with gravitational waves
• Cosmic ray backgrounds for dark matter indirect detection
• A Pristine-UNIONS view on the Galaxy: Kinematics of the distant spur feature of the Sagittarius stream traced by Blue Horizontal Branch stars
• Galactic Sun's motion in the Cold Dark Matter, MOdified Newtonian Dynamics and MOdified Gravity scenarios
• White Dwarf Stars
• A critical analysis of the recent OGLE limits on stellar mass primordial black holes in the halo of the Milky Way
• Young Blue Straggler Stars in the Galactic Field
• Possible evidence of hydrogen emission in the first-overtone and multi-mode RR Lyrae variables
• A uniform treatment of the orbital effects due to a violation of the Strong Equivalence Principle in the gravitational Stark-like limit
• The binary fraction of Blue Horizontal-Branch (BHB) Stars
• The Effects of $\Lambda$CDM Dark Matter Substructure on the Orbital Evolution of Star Clusters
• Galactic cartography with SkyMapper: I. Population sub-structure and the stellar number density of the inner halo
• Unified dark matter: constraints from galaxies and clusters
• Dark matter signals at the LHC: forecasts from ton-scale direct detection experiments
• Do the Herschel cold clouds in the Galactic halo embody its dark matter?
• A fork in the Sagittarius trailing debris
• The CRESST-II Experiment
• Spherical harmonics analysis of Fermi gamma-ray data and the Galactic dark matter halo
• Confronting cosmic ray electron and positron excesses with hybrid triplet Higgs portal dark matter
• A lower bound on the Milky Way mass from general phase-space distribution function models
• Dark from light (DfL): Inferring halo properties from luminous tracers with machine learning trained on cosmological simulations. I. Method, proof of concept & preliminary testing
• The BHB stars in the Survey Fields of Rodgers et al. (1993): New Observations and Comparisons with other Recent Surveys
• Dark Star Clusters or Ultra-Faint Dwarf galaxies? Revisiting UMa3/U1
• Microlensing towards the LMC revisited by adopting a non-Gaussian velocity distribution for the sources
• A new test for the Galactic formation and evolution -- prediction for the orbital eccentricity distribution of the halo stars
• Origin of High Dark Remnant Fractions in Milky Way Globular Clusters: The Crucial Role of Initial Black Hole Retention
• The Sizes of Globular Clusters as Tracers of Galactic Halo Potentials
• A Hint of Three-section Halo as Seen from the APOGEE DR14
• Neutrino emission from dark matter annihilation/decay in light of cosmic $e^{\pm }$ and $\bar{p}$ data
• The Jeans theorem and the "Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkov equation" in an exact wave solution of R^2 gravity
• Uncover 3D Dark Matter Distribution of the Milky Way by an Empirical Triaxial Orbit-Superposition Model: Method Validation
• The Outer Galactic Halo As Probed By RR Lyr Stars From the Palomar Transient Facility + Keck
• Machine Learning the Dark Matter Halo Mass of Milky Way-Like Systems
• Electroweak Dark Matter
• Effect of dynamical interactions on integrated properties of globular clusters
• Mapping dark matter in the Milky Way, a synopsis
• Statistical Properties of Blue Horizontal Branch Stars in the Spheroid: Detection of a Moving Group approximately 50 kpc from the Sun
• A Kepler K2 view of subdwarf A-type stars
• Blueshifted hydrogen emission and shock wave of RR Lyrae variables in SDSS and LAMOST
• Timing Mass of the Local Group
• Motion of halo compact objects in the gravitational potential of a low-mass model of the Galaxy
• Quantifying the Milky Way, LMC and their interaction using all-sky kinematics of outer halo stars
• Biases in inferring dark matter profiles from dynamical and lensing measurements
• DELVE-ing into the Milky Way's Globular Clusters: Assessing extra-tidal features in NGC 5897, NGC 7492, and testing detectability with deeper photometry
• The origin of B-type runaway stars based on kinematics
• Toward a Zero-Parameter Model for Galaxy Rotation Curve Data
• Dark Matter Phenomenology: Sterile Neutrino Portal and Gravitational Portal in Extra-Dimensions
• Dynamical Models of the Milky Way in Action Space with LAMOST DR8 and GAIA EDR3
• A hybrid SLAM-Payne framework for atmospheric parameter and abundance determination of early-type Stars from LAMOST DR9 low-resolution Spectra
• Dynamical double black holes and their host cluster properties
• Nearby Spiral Galaxy Globular Cluster Systems II: Globular Cluster Abundances in NGC 300
• The Escape of Globular Clusters from the Satellite Dwarf Galaxies of the Milky Way