Minor mergers and the size evolution of elliptical galaxies

Abstract

Using a high resolution hydrodynamical cosmological simulation of the formation of a massive spheroidal galaxy we show that elliptical galaxies can be very compact and massive at high redshift in agreement with recent observations. Accretion of stripped in-falling stellar material increases the size of the system with time and the central concentration is reduced by dynamical friction of the surviving stellar cores. In a specific case of a spheroidal galaxy with a final stellar mass of $1.5\times 10^{11}{M}_{\odot }$ we find that the effective radius $r_e$ increases from $0.7\pm 0.2\mathrm{kpc}$ at z = 3 to $r_e=2.4\pm 0.4\mathrm{kpc}$ at z = 0 with a concomitant decrease in the effective density of an order of magnitude and a decrease of the central velocity dispersion by approximately 20% over this time interval. A simple argument based on the virial theorem shows that during the accretion of weakly bound material (minor mergers) the radius can increase as the square of the mass in contrast to the usual linear rate of increase for major mergers. By undergoing minor mergers compact high redshift spheroids can evolve into present-day systems with sizes and concentrations similar to observed local ellipticals. This indicates that minor mergers may be the main driver for the late evolution of sizes and densities of early-type galaxies.

accepted to ApJ Letters

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• Velocity Dispersion, Size, Sérsic Index and $D_{n}4000$: The Scaling of Stellar Mass with Dynamical Mass for Quiescent Galaxies
• Evolution of Quiescent and Star-Forming Galaxies Since z~1.5 as a Function of Their Velocity Dispersions
• Simulating multiple merger pathways to the central kinematics of early-type galaxies
• Color gradients along the quiescent galaxy sequence: clues to quenching and structural growth
• Galaxy properties in different environments up to z ~ 3 in the GOODS NICMOS Survey
• Expected number of massive galaxy relics in the present-day Universe
• Galaxy structure from multiple tracers: III. Radial variations in M87's IMF
• UNCOVER: 404 Error -- Models Not Found for the Triply Imaged Little Red Dot A2744-QSO1
• MUFASA: The assembly of the red sequence
• Mergers in Galaxy Groups - I. Structure and Properties of Elliptical Remnants
• Massive Galaxies are Larger in Dense Environments: Environmental Dependence of Mass-Size Relation of Early-Type Galaxies
• The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey. IV. NGC 4216: A Bombarded Spiral in the Virgo Cluster
• A z=1.82 Analog of Local Ultra-massive Elliptical Galaxies
• Cosmological Evolution of Supermassive Black Holes. II. Evidence for Downsizing of Spin Evolution
• Nature of H-alpha selected galaxies at z>2. II. Clumpy galaxies and compact star-forming galaxies
• Metallicity Gradients at Large Galactocentric Radii Using the Near-infrared Calcium Triplet
• Constraining the star formation and the assembly histories of normal and compact early-type galaxies at 1<z<2
• Hubble Space Telescope WFC3 Grism Spectroscopy and Imaging of a Growing Compact Galaxy at z=1.9
• The evolutionary sequence of sub-mm galaxies: from diffuse discs to massive compact ellipticals?
• The simultaneous formation of cored, tangentially biased, and kinematically decoupled centers in massive early-type galaxies
• Galaxy stability within a self-interacting dark matter halo
• The Imprint of Cosmic Web Quenching on Central Galaxies
• Steepening mass profiles, dark matter and environment of X-ray bright elliptical galaxies
• Two Growing Modes and the Morphology-Quiescence Relation in Galaxies
• The Rapid Build-up of Massive Early-type Galaxies. Supersolar Metallicity, High Velocity Dispersion and Young Age for an ETG at z=3.35
• Galaxy Mergers in the Epoch of Reionization I: A JWST Study of Pair Fractions, Merger Rates, and Stellar Mass Accretion Rates at $z=4.5-11.5$
• The most massive black holes on the Fundamental Plane of Black Hole Accretion
• The effects of the cluster environment on the galaxy mass-size relation in MACSJ J1206.2-0847
• Fully cosmological virtual massive galaxies at z=0: kinematical, morphological, and stellar population characterisation
• Early-type galaxy density profiles from IllustrisTNG: I. Galaxy correlations and the impact of baryons
• Galaxy Sizes Since $z=2$ from the Perspective of Stellar Mass Distribution within Galaxies
• Radial Trends in IMF-Sensitive Absorption Features in Two Early-Type Galaxies: Evidence for Abundance-Driven Gradients
• Climbing to the top of the galactic mass ladder: evidence for frequent prolate-like rotation among the most massive galaxies
• Galaxy evolution from strong lensing statistics: the differential evolution of the velocity dispersion function in concord with the LambdaCDM paradigm
• Evolution of cosmic filaments and of their galaxy population from MHD cosmological simulations
• A Preferential Growth Channel for Supermassive Black Holes in Elliptical Galaxies at z<2
• Dissipational versus Dissipationless Galaxy Formation and the Dark Matter Content of Galaxies
• The Size Evolution of Passive Galaxies: Observations from the Wide Field Camera 3 Early Release Science Program
• SXDF-ALMA 1.5 arcmin^2 deep survey. A compact dusty star-forming galaxy at z=2.5
• Shallow Dark Matter Cusps in Galaxy Clusters
• Projected central dark matter fractions and densities in massive early-type galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• How Massive are Massive Compact Galaxies?
• Black Hole Demography: From scaling relations to models
• Stellar orbits in cosmological galaxy simulations: the connection to formation history and line-of-sight kinematics
• Age and metallicity gradients support hierarchical formation for M87
• The Mass Scale of High-Redshift Galaxies: Virial Mass Estimates Calibrated with Stellar Dynamical Models from LEGA-C
• X-shooter Spectroscopy and HST Imaging of 15 Ultra Massive Quiescent Galaxies at $z\gtrsim 2$
• From Diversity to Dichotomy, and Quenching: Milky-Way-Like and Massive-Galaxy Progenitors at 0.5<z<3.0
• The Differential Size Growth of Field and Cluster Galaxies at z=2.1 Using the ZFOURGE Survey
• Quenched Cold Accretion of a Large Scale Metal-Poor Filament due to Virial Shocking in the Halo of a Massive z=0.7 Galaxy
• Spatially Resolved Colors and Stellar Population Properties in Early-Type Galaxies at z ~ 1.5
• Synchronized Co-evolution between Supermassive Black Holes and Galaxies Over the Last Seven Billion Years as Revealed by the Hyper Suprime-Cam
• Purely dry mergers do not explain the observed evolution of massive early-type galaxies since z = 1
• Cluster and field elliptical galaxies at z~1.3. The marginal role of the environment and the relevance of the galaxy central regions
• The Morphology-Density relationship in 1<z<2 clusters
• Formation of the largest galactic cores through binary scouring and gravitational wave recoil
• Color gradients and half-mass radii of galaxies out to $z=2$ in the CANDELS/3D-HST fields: further evidence for important differences in the evolution of mass-weighted and light-weighted sizes
• The MASSIVE Survey - XII Connecting Stellar Populations of Early-Type Galaxies to Kinematics and Environment
• Revisiting the bulge-halo conspiracy I: Dependence on galaxy properties and halo mass
• The Effect of Many Minor Mergers on the Size Growth of Compact Quiescent Galaxies
• On the central stellar mass density and the inside-out growth of early-type galaxies
• The central dark matter content of early-type galaxies: scaling relations and connections with star formation histories
• A universal stellar-mass and size relation of galaxies in GOODS-N region
• The rocky road to quiescence: compaction and quenching of quasar host galaxies at z~2
• A duality in the origin of bulges and spheroidal galaxies
• Boosted Tidal Disruption by Massive Black Hole Binaries During Galaxy Mergers FROM The View of N-Body Simulation
• Close companions to Brightest Cluster Galaxies: Support for minor mergers and downsizing
• The diverse formation histories of simulated disc galaxies
• Redshift evolution of the dynamical properties of massive galaxies from SDSS-III/BOSS
• The minor role of gas-rich major mergers in the rise of intermediate-mass early types at z <~ 1
• INSPIRE: INvestigating Stellar Population In RElics -- I. Survey presentation and pilot program
• The Outer Halo of the Nearest Giant Elliptical: A VLT/VIMOS Survey of the Resolved Stellar Populations in Centaurus A to 85 kpc
• Shape Evolution of Massive Early-Type Galaxies: Confirmation of Increased Disk Prevalence at z>1
• Mass of the dynamically hot inner stellar halo predicts the ancient accreted stellar mass
• The Stellar Haloes of Massive Elliptical Galaxies III: Kinematics at Large Radius
• Evidence for the rapid formation of low mass early-type galaxies in dense environments
• The kinematics of massive quiescent galaxies at $1.4<z<2.1$: dark matter fractions, IMF variation, and the relation to local early-type galaxies
• The first sample of spectroscopically confirmed ultra-compact massive galaxies in the Kilo Degree Survey
• Massive black holes in central cluster galaxies
• The fate of the Antennae galaxies
• The Role of Dissipation in the Scaling Relations of Cosmological Merger Remnants
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: stellar population gradients of central galaxies
• Structure of Protocluster Galaxies: Accelerated Structural Evolution in Overdense Environments?
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: global and local stellar population properties of elliptical galaxies
• Quiescent Galaxy Size and Spectroscopic Evolution: Combining HSC Imaging and Hectospec Spectroscopy
• Two channels of supermassive black hole growth as seen on the galaxies mass-size plane
• Mergers and Star Formation: The environment and Stellar Mass Growth of the Progenitors of Ultra-Massive Galaxies since z = 2
• The Environmental Dependence of the Luminosity-Size Relation for Galaxies
• Reconstructing the Assembly of Massive Galaxies. I: The Importance of the Progenitor Effect in the Observed Properties of Quiescent Galaxies at $z\approx 2$
• Radially extended kinematics and stellar populations of the massive ellipticals NGC1600, NGC4125 and NGC7619. Constraints on the outer dark halo density profile
• Observed trend in the star formation history and the dark matter fraction of galaxies at redshift $z\approx 0.8$
• The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey (NGVS) XXXI. The kinematics of intra-cluster globular clusters in the core of the Virgo cluster
• Stellar mass -- halo mass relation for the brightest central galaxies of X-ray clusters since z~0.65
• Statistics of galaxy mergers: bridging the gap between theory and observation
• Radial gradients in initial mass function sensitive absorption features in the Coma brightest cluster galaxies
• The Fundamental Plane in the LEGA-C Survey: unraveling the $M/L$ variations of massive star-forming and quiescent galaxies at $z\sim 0.8$
• An ALMA view of star formation efficiency suppression in early-type galaxies after gas-rich minor mergers
• The influence of Massive Black Hole Binaries on the Morphology of Merger Remnants
• A scaling relation between merger rate of galaxies and their close pair count
• The rest-frame optical sizes of massive galaxies with suppressed star formation at $z\sim 4$
• A dwarf-dwarf merger and dark matter core as a solution to the Globular Cluster problems in the Fornax dSph
• Formation channels of slowly rotating early-type galaxies
• An extremely dense group of massive galaxies at the centre of the protocluster at z = 3.09 in the SSA22 field
• The Contribution of In-situ and Ex-situ Star Formation in Early-Type Galaxies: MaNGA versus IllustrisTNG
• The bright end of the colour-magnitude relation of cluster galaxies
• Spectro-photometric close pairs in GOODS-S: major and minor companions of intermediate-mass galaxies
• Satellites around massive galaxies since z~2
• The Evolutionary Pathways of Disk-, Bulge-, and Halo-dominated Galaxies
• Accreted or Not Accreted? The Fraction of Accreted Mass in Galaxies from Simulations and Observations
• Specific Frequencies and Luminosity Profiles of Cluster Galaxies and Intracluster Light in Abell 1689
• Evidence for Inside-Out Galaxy Growth and Quenching of a z~2 Compact Galaxy from High-Resolution Molecular Gas Imaging
• The fate of the interstellar medium in early-type galaxies. I. First direct measurement of the timescale of dust removal
• Galaxy environments over cosmic time: the non-evolving radial galaxy distributions around massive galaxies since z=1.6
• The close pair fraction of BCGs since $z=0.5$: major mergers dominate recent BCG stellar mass growth
• A New Empirical Method to Infer the Starburst History of the Universe from Local Galaxy Properties
• Evolution induced by dry minor mergers onto fast-rotator S0 galaxies
• On the Shapes and Structures of High-Redshift Compact Galaxies
• Evolution of the brightest cluster galaxies: the influence of morphology, stellar mass and environment
• Deep ALMA imaging of the merger NGC1614 - Is CO tracing a massive inflow of non-starforming gas?
• Ultra deep sub-kpc view of nearby massive compact galaxies
• $R_{\mathrm{e}}$. I. Understanding galaxy sizes, associated luminosity densities, and the artificial division of the early-type galaxy population
• Consistent dynamical and stellar masses with potential light IMF in massive quiescent galaxies at $3<z<4$ using velocity dispersions measurements with MOSFIRE
• Strong Lensing by Galaxies
• Radial measurements of IMF-sensitive absorption features in two massive ETGs
• The impact of AGN-driven winds on physical and observable galaxy sizes
• Globular Cluster Systems and their Host Galaxies: Comparison of Spatial Distributions and Colors
• Unbiased Differential Size Evolution and the Inside-Out Growth of Galaxies in the Deep CANDELS GOODS Fields at $1\le z\le 7$
• Dissecting the Red Sequence. IV. The Role of Truncation in the Two-Dimensional Family of Early-Type Galaxy Star Formation Histories
• Stellar masses, sizes, and radial profiles for 465 nearby early-type galaxies: an extension to the Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (S${}^4$G)
• Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA): Accurate number densities & environments of massive ultracompact galaxies at 0.02 < z < 0.3
• Further constraining galaxy evolution models through the Size Function of SDSS Early-type galaxies
• MaNGA DynPop -- III. Stellar dynamics versus stellar population relations in 6000 early-type and spiral galaxies: Fundamental Plane, mass-to-light ratios, total density slopes, and dark matter fractions
• The Rising Stellar Velocity Dispersion of M87 from Integrated Starlight
• Photometric decomposition of mergers in disk galaxies
• Stellar populations of galaxies in the ALHAMBRA survey up to $z\sim 1$. IV. Properties of quiescent galaxies on the stellar mass$-$size plane
• Dilution in elliptical galaxies: Implications for the relation between metallicity, stellar mass and star formation rate
• Ongoing growth of the brightest cluster galaxies via major dry mergers in the last ~6 Gyr
• Spheroidal post-mergers in the local Universe
• A preserved high-z compact progenitor in the heart of NGC3311 revealed with MUSE 2D stellar population analysis
• Compact, bulge dominated structures of spectroscopically confirmed quiescent galaxies at z~3
• On the Radial Stellar Content of Early-Type Galaxies as a Function of Mass and Environment
• The impact of AGN on stellar kinematics and orbits in simulated massive galaxies
• AGN feedback and the origin of the $\alpha$ enhancement in early type galaxies - insights from the GAEA model
• Gravitational Waves from the Inspiral of Supermassive Black Holes in Galactic-scale Simulations
• The distribution of satellites around massive galaxies at 1<z<3 in ZFOURGE/CANDELS: dependence on star formation activity
• VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS). The distinct build-up of dense and normal massive passive galaxies
• How AGN feedback drives the size growth of the first quasars
• The galaxy size - halo mass scaling relations and clustering properties of central and satellite galaxies
• The SLUGGS Survey: HST/ACS Mosaic Imaging of the NGC 3115 Globular Cluster System
• How cosmological merger histories shape the diversity of stellar haloes
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: Excavating the fossil record of stellar populations in spiral galaxies
• Testing the Modern Merger Hypothesis via the Assembly of Massive Blue Elliptical Galaxies in the Local Universe
• On the buildup of massive early-type galaxies at z<~1. I- Reconciling their hierarchical assembly with mass-downsizing
• Sensitivity of dark matter haloes to their accretion histories
• Observations contradict galaxy size and surface brightness predictions that are based on the expanding universe hypothesis
• A Fundamental Line for Elliptical Galaxies
• From Carbon to Cobalt: Chemical compositions and ages of $z\sim 0.7$ quiescent galaxies
• Testing the presence of multiple photometric components in nearby early-type galaxies using SDSS
• Rapid build-up of the stellar content in the protocluster core SPT2349$-$56 at $z=4.3$
• From EMBER to FIRE: predicting high resolution baryon fields from dark matter simulations with Deep Learning
• The imprint of dark matter haloes on the size and velocity dispersion evolution of early-type galaxies
• HST/WFC3 grism observations of $z\sim 1$ clusters: evidence for evolution in the mass-size relation of quiescent galaxies from poststarburst galaxies
• Stellar Mass Growth of Brightest Cluster Galaxy Progenitors in COSMOS Since z ~ 3
• The growth of galactic bulges through mergers in LCDM haloes revisited. II. Morphological mix evolution
• The HST/ACS Coma Cluster Survey - VII. Structure and Assembly of Massive Galaxies in the Center of the Coma Cluster
• Globular Clusters As Tracers of Fine Structure in the Dramatic Shell Galaxy NGC 474
• Molecular Gas Reservoirs in Massive Quiescent Galaxies at $\mathrm{z}\sim 0.7$ Linked to Late Time Star Formation
• Biases and systematics in the observational derivation of galaxy properties: comparing different techniques on synthetic observations of simulated galaxies
• Towards an Understanding of the Massive Red Spiral Galaxy Formation
• The Evolution of M_*/M_BH Between z=2 and z=0
• Colour gradients in normal and compact early-type galaxies at 1<z<2
• Measuring star formation in high-z massive galaxies: A mid-infrared to submillimeter study of the GOODS NICMOS Survey sample
• The flat density profiles of massive, and relaxed galaxy clusters
• The Hydra I cluster core. I. Stellar populations in the cD galaxy NGC 3311
• Scaling relations of cluster elliptical galaxies at z~1.3. Distinguishing luminosity and structural evolution
• The dichotomy of dark matter fraction and total mass density slope of galaxies over five dex in mass
• The KMOS Cluster Survey (KCS) II - The Effect of Environment on the Structural Properties of Massive Cluster Galaxies at Redshift $1.39<z<1.61$
• The two phases of core formation -- orbital evolution in the centres of ellipticals with supermassive black hole binaries
• Size growth of red-sequence early-type galaxies in clusters in the last 10 Gyr
• Total mass density slopes of early-type galaxies using Jeans dynamical modelling at redshifts $0.29<z<0.55$
• Why do many early-type galaxies lack emission lines? I. Fossil clues
• Angular Momentum of Early and Late Type Galaxies: Nature or Nurture?
• The Inside-out Growth of the Most Massive Galaxies at 0.3<z<0.9
• Modeling the Ages and Metallicities of Early-Type Galaxies in Fundamental Plane Space
• Satellite galaxies around present-day massive ellipticals
• INSPIRE: INvestigating Stellar Population In RElics II. First Data Release (DR1)
• Stellar population properties of individual massive early-type galaxies at 1.4 < z < 2
• Understanding the Unique Assembly History of Central Group Galaxies
• Spectral detection of multiple stellar populations in z~1 early-type galaxies
• Massive relic galaxies prefer dense environments
• Mergers in Galaxy Groups. II. The Fundamental Plane of Elliptical Galaxies
• Morphological evolution of cluster red sequence galaxies in the past 9 Gyr
• A Non-Parametric Estimate of Mass 'Scoured' in Galaxy Cores
• Minor Mergers are not enough: The importance of Major Mergers during Brightest Cluster Galaxy assembly
• The Uchuu-UniverseMachine dataset: Galaxies in and around Clusters
• The cosmic evolution of the stellar mass$-$velocity dispersion relation of early-type galaxies
• The galaxy mass-size relation in CARLA clusters and proto-clusters at 1.4 < z < 2.8: larger cluster galaxy sizes
• The Dependence of Halo Mass on Galaxy Size at Fixed Stellar Mass Using Weak Lensing
• An ALMA Gas-dynamical Mass Measurement of the Supermassive Black Hole in the Local Compact Galaxy UGC 2698
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: Environmental analysis of the orbital structures of passive galaxies
• The spectral energy distribution of the hyperluminous, hot dust-obscured galaxy W2246$-$0526
• INSPIRE: INvestigating Stellar Population In RElics III. Second data release (DR2): testing the systematics on the stellar velocity dispersion
• Where do quasar hosts lie with respect to the size-mass relation of galaxies?
• The galaxy morphology-density relation in the EAGLE simulation
• Modelling the accretion and feedback of supermassive black hole binaries in gas-rich galaxy mergers
• What does (not) drive the variation of the low-mass end of the stellar initial mass function of early-type galaxies
• The road to the red sequence: A detailed view of the formation of a massive galaxy at z~2
• The hybrid solution for the Fundamental Plane
• The Impact of Outflows driven by Active Galactic Nuclei on Metals in and around Galaxies
• The outermost stellar halo of NGC 5128 (Centaurus A): Radial structure
• The Evolution of Sizes and Specific Angular Momenta in Hierarchical Models of Galaxy Formation and Evolution
• Mapping Accreted Stars in Early-Type Galaxies Across the Mass-Size Plane
• Constraining the multi-scale dark-matter distribution in CASSOWARY 31 with strong gravitational lensing and stellar dynamics
• SQuIGG$\vec{L}$E Survey: Massive z$\sim$0.6 Post-Starburst Galaxies Exhibit Flat Age Gradients
• Globular cluster systems in fossil groups: NGC6482, NGC1132 and ESO306-017
• A Novel Approach to Constrain the Mass Ratio of Minor Mergers in Elliptical Galaxies: Application to NGC 4889, the Brightest Cluster Galaxy in Coma
• Mapping the ionised gas around the luminous QSO HE 1029-1401: Evidence for minor merger events?
• The Stellar Mass Fundamental Plane and Compact Quiescent Galaxies at z < 0.6
• Evolution of the Fundamental Plane of 0.2<z<1.2 Early-type galaxies in the EGS
• Differences in the structural properties and star-formation rates of field and cluster galaxies at z~1
• AGN accretion and black hole growth across compact and extended galaxy evolution phases
• Galaxy size trends as a consequence of cosmology
• Compact E+A Galaxies as a Progenitor of Massive Compact Quiescent Galaxies at 0.2<z< 0.8
• The buildup of galaxies and their spheroids: the contributions of mergers, disc instabilities and star formation
• Disc cloaking: Establishing a lower limit to the number density of local compact massive spheroids/bulges and the potential fate of some high-z red nuggets
• Two phase formation of massive elliptical galaxies : study through cross-correlation including spatial effect
• The CAVITY project. The spatially resolved stellar population properties of galaxies in voids
• Clustercentric distance or local density? It depends on galaxy morphology
• The brightest UV-selected galaxies in protoclusters at $z\sim 4$: Ancestors of Brightest Cluster Galaxies?
• The first catalogue of spectroscopically confirmed red nuggets at z~0.7 from the VIPERS survey. Linking high-z red nuggets and local relics
• Mass and size growth of early-type galaxies by dry mergers in cluster environments
• The abundance of satellites depends strongly on the morphology of the host galaxy
• Coordinated Assembly of Brightest Cluster Galaxies
• Discovery of Nine Intermediate Redshift Compact Quiescent Galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• Formation and assembly history of stellar components in galaxies as a function of stellar and halo mass
• Composite star formation histories of early-type galaxies from minor mergers: prospects for WFC3
• The low dark matter content of the lenticular galaxy NGC 3998
• Relic galaxy analogues in Illustris TNG50: the formation pathways of surviving red nuggets in a cosmological simulation
• A merging pair of massive quiescent galaxies at $z=3.44$ in the Cosmic Vine
• The structure of massive quiescent galaxies at z~3 in the CANDELS-COSMOS field
• Data and 2D scaling relations for galaxies in Abell 1689: a hint of size evolution at z~0.2
• Colour gradients of low-redshift galaxies in the DESI Legacy Imaging Survey
• Setting firmer constraints on the evolution of the most massive, central galaxies from their local abundances and ages
• Gravitational orbits in the expanding universe revisited
• A tale of a rich cluster at z$\sim$0.8 as seen by the Star Formation Histories of its ETGs
• Revisiting the bulge-halo conspiracy II: Towards explaining its puzzling dependence on redshift
• The ALHAMBRA survey: 2-D analysis of the stellar populations in massive early-type galaxies at z < 0.3
• Metal Deficiency in Two Massive Dead Galaxies at $z\sim 2$
• Morphology of galaxies with quiescent recent assembly history in a Lambda-CDM universe
• Tracing the Assembly History of NGC 1395 through its Globular Cluster System
• The evolution of compact massive quiescent and starforming galaxies derived from the $R_e-R_h$ and $M_{\mathrm{star}}-M_h$ relations
• Cosmological Simulations of Massive Compact High-z Galaxies
• The evolutionary pathways of disk galaxies with different sizes
• The star formation history and the nature of the mass-metallicity relation of passive galaxies at 1.0<z<1.4 from VANDELS
• Synergies between low- and intermediate-redshift galaxy populations revealed with unsupervised machine learning
• The role of quenching time in the evolution of the mass-size relation of passive galaxies from the WISP survey
• VLT/X-Shooter Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and HST Imaging of Gravitationally-Lensed z~2 Compact Quiescent Galaxies
• Characterizing the satellites of massive galaxies up to z~2: young populations to build the outskirts of nearby massive galaxies
• Evolution of Massive Galaxy Structural Properties and Sizes via Star Formation In the GOODS NICMOS Survey
• Exploring the progenitors of brightest cluster galaxies at z~2
• The Differing Relationships Between Size, Mass, Metallicity and Core Velocity Dispersion of Central and Satellite Galaxies
• The role of major mergers in the size growth of intermediate-mass spheroids
• An upper limit to the central density of dark matter haloes from consistency with the presence of massive central black holes
• The Most Massive Active Galactic Nuclei at $1\lesssim z\lesssim 2$
• Merger-driven evolution of the effective stellar initial mass function of massive early-type galaxies
• Compact star-forming galaxies preferentially quenched to become PSBs in $z<1$ clusters
• Compact galaxies and the size-mass galaxy distribution from a colour-selected sample at 0.04 < z < 0.15 supplemented by ugrizYJHK photometric redshifts
• Compact Quiescent Galaxies at Intermediate Redshifts
• Deep Learning Assessment of galaxy morphology in S-PLUS DataRelease 1
• The Physical Origin of the Mass-Size Relation and Its Scatter of Disk Galaxies
• Dynamical modelling and origin of gas turbulence in z $\sim$ 4.5 galaxies
• A comparison of the most massive quiescent galaxies from $z\sim 3$ to the present: slow evolution in size, and spheroid-dominated
• Witnessing the star-formation quenching in $L_{\ast }$ ellipticals
• Stellar Kinematics and Environment at z~0.8 in the LEGA-C Survey: Massive, Slow-Rotators are Built First in Overdense Environments
• The evolution of radial gradients of MaNGA quiescent elliptical galaxies: inside-out quenching or outer mass growth?
• The Effects of the Ionizing Radiation Background on Galaxy Evolution
• The Dragonfly Edge-on Galaxies Survey: Shaping the outer disc of NGC 4565 via accretion
• Globular Cluster Systems of Relic Galaxies
• The Ratio of Luminous to Faint Red Sequence Galaxies in X-Ray and Optically Selected Low-Redshift Clusters
• The first gigayear of bulge star formation in Virgo ellipticals: constraints from their globular cluster systems
• HST F160W Imaging of Very Massive Galaxies at $1.5<z<3.0$: Diversity of Structures and the Effect of Close Pairs on Number Density Estimates
• Color gradients reflect an inside-out growth in early-type galaxies of the cluster MACS J1206.2-0847
• Stellar Population and Elemental Abundance Gradients of Early-type Galaxies
• Ultra-Violet Imaging Telescope Observations of the Star-Forming Ring in NGC7252: Evidence of Possible AGN Feedback Suppressing Central Star Formation
• Modelling the formation of today's massive ellipticals
• Early-Type Galaxy Star Formation Histories in Different Environments
• Merger history of central galaxies in Semi-Analytic Models of galaxy formation
• Bimodal morphologies of massive galaxies at the core of a protocluster at z=3.09 and the strong size growth of a brightest cluster galaxy
• A methodology to select galaxies just after the quenching of star formation
• JADES: Rest-frame UV-to-NIR Size Evolution of Massive Quiescent Galaxies from Redshift z=5 to z=0.5
• The THESAN-ZOOM project: central starbursts and inside-out quenching govern galaxy sizes in the early Universe
• The fate of the interstellar medium in early-type galaxies. III. The mechanism of ISM removal and quenching of star formation
• A possible signature of the influence of tidal perturbations in dwarf galaxy scaling relations
• The Mass Growth and Stellar Ages of Galaxies: Observations versus Simulations
• The Stellar Mass Assembly of Low Redshift, Massive, Central Galaxies in SDSS and the TNG300 simulation
• The MAGPI Survey: Impact of environment on the total internal mass distribution of galaxies in the last 5 Gyr
• CLEAR: The Morphological Evolution of Galaxies in the Green Valley
• The Coevolution of Massive Quiescent Galaxies and Their Dark Matter Halos over the Last 6 Billion Years
• Detection of Prominent Stellar Disks in the Progenitors of Present-day Massive Elliptical Galaxies
• The Structural Evolution of Isolated Galaxies at Low Redshift in the IllustrisTNG Simulation
• Serendipitous discovery of a massive cD galaxy at z=1.096: Implications for the early formation and late evolution of cD galaxies
• The fate of a red nugget: In-situ star formation of satellites around a massive compact galaxy
• Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA): Probing the merger histories of massive galaxies via stellar populations
• Effects of hot halo gas on the star formation and mass transfer during distant galaxy-galaxy encounters
• The size--mass and other structural parameter ($n,{\mu }_z,R_z$) relations for local bulges/spheroids from multicomponent decompositions
• The Velocity Dispersion Function for Quiescent Galaxies in Nine Strong-Lensing Clusters
• Galactic orbital motions of star clusters: static versus semicosmological time-dependent Galactic potentials
• The supermassive black hole merger driven evolution of high-redshift red nuggets into present-day cored early-type galaxies
• 3D-DASH: The Widest Near-Infrared Hubble Space Telescope Survey
• The Velocity Dispersion Function for Massive Quiescent and Star-Forming Galaxies at 0.6 $<$ z $\le$ 1.0
• The Puzzling Origin of Massive Compact Galaxies in MaNGA
• Disentangling star formation and merger growth in the evolution of Luminous Red Galaxies
• Spatially-resolved stellar populations and kinematics with KCWI: probing the assembly history of the massive early-type galaxy NGC 1407
• An In-Depth Study of the Abundance Pattern in the Hot Interstellar Medium in NGC 4649
• Fast Rotators at Cosmic Noon: Stellar Kinematics for 15 Quiescent Galaxies from JWST-SUSPENSE
• Impact of Galaxy Mergers on Stellar Population Profiles of Early-type Galaxies
• The weak dependence of velocity dispersion on disk fractions, mass-to-light ratio and redshift: Implications for galaxy and black hole evolution
• Galaxy growth from redshift 5 to 0 at fixed comoving number density
• Accretion of satellites onto central galaxies in clusters: merger mass ratios and orbital parameters
• Structures, stellar population properties, AGN fractions, and environments of massive compact galaxies at $1<z<2$ in 3D--{\it HST}/CANDELS
• Size and Spectroscopic Evolution of HectoMAP Quiescent Galaxies
• Dynamical masses and non-homology of massive elliptical galaxies grown by dry mergers
• Ages and metallicities of quiescent galaxies: confronting broadband ($UVJ$) colours with stellar absorption lines
• The Size Evolution of Elliptical Galaxies
• The differences between mass- and light-derived structural parameters over time for MaNGA Elliptical galaxies
• The VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS) -- Environment-size relation of massive passive galaxies at 0.5 < z < 0.8
• Triaxial Schwarzschild Models of NGC 708: a 10-billion solar mass black hole in a low dispersion galaxy with a Kroupa IMF
• Quiescent luminous red galaxies (LRGs) as cosmic chronometers: on the significance of mass and environmental dependence
• Age and metal gradients in massive quiescent galaxies at $0.6\lesssim z\lesssim 1.0$: implications for quenching and assembly histories
• An HSC view of the CMASS galaxy sample. Halo mass as a function of stellar mass, size and Sérsic index
• The merger history of massive spheroids since z~1 is size independent
• RABBITS -- II. The impact of AGN feedback on coalescing supermassive black holes in disc and elliptical galaxy mergers
• Unravelling the Origin of the Counter-Rotating Core in IC 1459 with KMOS and MUSE
• Photometric Objects Around Cosmic Webs (PAC) Delineated in a Spectroscopic survey. II. Morphology, Color and Size Dependences of the Stellar-halo Mass Relation for Massive Galaxies
• JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy of intermediate-mass quiescent galaxies at $z\sim 3-4$
• Galaxy mass-size segregation in the cosmic web from the CAVITY parent sample
• Environments of red nuggets at z~0.7 from the VIPERS survey
• Evolution of the Sérsic Index up to z=2.5 from JWST and HST
• Stellar Mass Profiles of Quiescent Galaxies in Different Environments at $z\sim 0$
• The parallelism between galaxy clusters and early-type galaxies: III. The Mass-Radius Relationship
• Large Size Scatter of Passively Evolving Lensed Galaxies at z~2 in CLASH
• Red giants in the outer halo of the elliptical galaxy NGC 5128 / Centaurus A
• Off-centre supermassive black holes in bright central galaxies
• Early-Type Galaxies: Elliptical and S0 Galaxies, or Fast and Slow Rotators
• The Loneliest Galaxies in the Universe: A GAMA and GalaxyZoo Study on Void Galaxy Morphology
• Recovery of the low- and high-mass end slopes of the IMF in massive early-type galaxies using detailed elemental abundances
• Dissecting the morphological and spectroscopic properties of galaxies in the local Universe: I. Elliptical galaxies
• The relationship between galaxy and halo sizes in the Illustris and IllustrisTNG simulations
• Probing galaxy evolution from $z=0$ to $z\simeq 10$ through galaxy scaling relations in three L-Galaxies flavours
• Implications of galaxy buildup for putative IMF variations in massive galaxies
• Identifying supermassive black hole recoil in elliptical galaxies
• Segregation effects in DEEP2 galaxy groups
• The changing ISM of massive elliptical galaxies and cosmic evolution of radio galaxies and quasars
• Evidence for radially independent size growth of early-type galaxies in clusters
• Low Surface Brightness structures from annotated deep CFHT images: effects of the host galaxy's properties and environment
• Stellar velocity dispersion and initial mass function gradients in dissipationless galaxy mergers
• Early Type Galaxy Core Phase Densities
• Early-type galaxies at intermediate redshift observed with HST WFC3: perspectives on recent star-formation
• Understanding the Fundamental Plane and the Tully Fisher Relation
• Is there substructure around M87?
• ΛCDM with baryons vs. MOND: the time evolution of the universal acceleration scale in the Magneticum simulations
• The central dark matter fraction of massive early-type galaxies
• Black Hole Feeding and Feedback in a Compact Galaxy
• A robust two-parameter description of the stellar profile of elliptical galaxies
• COOL-LAMPS II. Characterizing the Size and Star Formation History of a Bright Strongly Lensed Early-Type Galaxy at Redshift 1.02
• Size Evolution of Early-Type Galaxies and Massive Compact Objects as the Dark Matter
• The formation of compact massive relic galaxies in MOND
• The Initial Mass Function and Other Stellar Properties Across the Core of the Hydra I Cluster
• The Fundamental Plane of Massive Quiescent Galaxies at z~2
• Assembly bias evidence in close galaxy pairs
• The Space Density of Intermediate Redshift, Extremely Compact, Massive Starburst Galaxies
• The dark matter halo masses of elliptical galaxies as a function of observationally robust quantities
• Tracing Recent Star Formation of Red Early-type Galaxies out to $z$ $\sim$ 1
• Testing a prediction of the merger origin of early-type galaxies: a correlation between stellar populations and asymmetry
• Anomalously Narrow Linewidths of Compact Massive Star-Forming Galaxies at z~2.3: A Possible Inclination Bias in the Size-Mass Plane
• The effects of the orbital configurations of mergers on reshaping galaxy structures
• Stellar Mass and 3.4 $\mu$m M/L Ratio Evolution of Brightest Cluster Galaxies in COSMOS since z ~ 1.0
• Use of spatial cross correlation function to study formation mechanism of massive elliptical galaxies
• Measuring Structural Parameters Through Stacking Galaxy Images
• The abundance of massive compact galaxies at $1.0<z<3.0$ in 3D-HST/CANDELS
• Local galaxies with compact cores as the possible descendants of massive compact quiescent galaxies at high redshift
• Extremely Low Molecular Gas Content in the Vicinity of a Red Nugget Galaxy at $z=1.91$
• Galaxy and halo properties around cosmic filaments from Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7 and the ELUCID simulation
• The scaling relations of galaxies back in time: the road toward virialization
• Evolution of massive quiescent galaxies via envelope accretion
• Beyond the stars: Linking H$\alpha$ sizes, kinematics, and star formation in galaxies at $z\approx 4-6$ with JWST grism surveys and $\text{geko}$
• A massive quiescent galaxy confirmed in a protocluster at z=3.09
• Structure and Kinematics of Star-forming Elliptical Galaxies in SDSS-MaNGA
• Intrinsic correlations of galaxy sizes in a hydrodynamical cosmological simulation
• Hierarchical Bayesian inference of the Initial Mass Function in Composite Stellar Populations
• The Star Formation Reference Survey. IV. Stellar mass distribution of local star-forming galaxies
• Stellar population gradients at cosmic noon as a constraint to the evolution of passive galaxies
• Satellites and central galaxies in SDSS: the influence of interactions on their properties
• Simulation-guided galaxy evolution inference: A case study with strong lensing galaxies
• The Color Gradients of the Globular Cluster Systems in M87 and M49
• MaNGA DynPop. VII. A Unified Bulge-Disk-Halo Model for Explaining Diversity in Circular Velocity Curves of 6000 Spiral and Early-Type Galaxies
• Structural Analysis of Brightest Cluster Galaxies in Poor and Rich Clusters
• Identification and Quenching of Nugget Galaxies in the RESOLVE Survey at z = 0
• Tracing the cosmological origin of gas that fuels in situ star formation in TNG50 galaxies
• Monster black holes
• Distinguishing the formation paths of massive compact ETGs through their internal dynamical structures
• Effects of Environment on the Size Evolution of Quiescent Galaxies: Comparing Galaxies in Clusters and in the Field at Two Rest-frame Wavelengths
• The spatially-resolved effect of mergers on the stellar mass assembly of MaNGA galaxies
• The JWST Emission Line Survey (JELS): The sizes and merger fraction of star-forming galaxies during the Epoch of Reionization
• Bulgeless Evolution And the Rise of Discs (BEARD) I. Physical drivers of the mass-size relation for Milky Way-like galaxies
• The size and mass evolution of the massive galaxies over cosmic time
• The GECKOS survey: Jeans anisotropic models of edge-on discs uncover the impact of dust and kinematic structures
• Virial models and Anisotropy of Velocity Dispersion in e-galaxies
• Dynamics of merging: Post-merger mixing and relaxation of an Illustris galaxy
• Low-resolution near-infrared spectroscopic signatures of unresolved ultracool companions to M dwarfs
• Late growth of early-type galaxies in low-z massive clusters
• What determines the maximum stellar surface density of galaxies?
• The Outskirt Stellar Mass of Low-Redshift Massive Galaxies is an Excellent Halo Mass Proxy in Illustris/IllustrisTNG Simulations
• INSPIRE: INvestigating Stellar Populations In RElics. IX. KiDS J0842+0059: the first fully confirmed relic beyond the local Universe
• The galaxy-environment connection revealed by constrained simulations
• Evolved galaxies in high-density environments across $2.0\le z<4.2$ using the ZFOURGE survey
• Dynamical Mass Determinations and Scaling Relations of Early-Type Galaxies
• The velocity dispersion function of red galaxies in four Hubble Frontier Fields galaxy clusters
• Early-type Dwarf Galaxies in the Local Universe. Evidence of Ex-situ Growth
• The Mitchell Spectrograph: Studying Nearby Galaxies with the VIRUS Prototype
• Correlations in the matter distribution in CLASH galaxy clusters
• The outer halos of elliptical galaxies
• The LEGA-C and SAMI Galaxy Surveys: Quiescent Stellar Populations and the Mass-Size Plane across 6 Gyr
• Two-phase formation of galaxies: the coevolution between galaxies and dark matter halos
• X-ray properties of massive compact relic galaxies
• Confirming HSC strong lens candidates with DESI Spectroscopy. I. Project overview and first results
• A Comparison of Full Spectral Fitting Codes for Measuring the Stellar Initial Mass Function and Other Stellar Population Properties in Elliptical Galaxies
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: Stellar rotational support in disk galaxies vs. central surface density and stellar population age
• The catalogue of virtual early-type galaxies from IllustrisTNG: validation and real observation consistency
• The galactic acceleration scale is imprinted on globular cluster systems of early-type galaxies of most masses and on red and blue globular cluster subpopulations
• Recent star formation in 0.5<z<1.5 quiescent galaxies
• Dynamical masses of early-type galaxies at z~2
• FROST-CLUSTERS -- III. Metallicity-dependent intermediate mass black hole formation by runaway collisions in dense star clusters
• Chemical Enrichment of Isolated Relic Galaxy Mrk1216
• Massive Neutrinos Promote the Size Growth of Early-Type Galaxies
• A multiwavelength study of near- and mid-infrared selected galaxies at high redshift: ERGs, AGN-identification and the contribution from dust
• Compact star forming galaxies as the progenitors of compact quiescent galaxies: clustering result
• The effect of spiral arms on the Sérsic photometry of galaxies
• Observed structural parameters of EAGLE galaxies: reconciling the mass-size relation in simulations with local observations
• Stellar Abundances at the Center of Early Type Galaxies with Fine Structure
• Velocity Dispersions and Stellar Populations of the Most Compact and Massive Early-Type Galaxies at Redshift ~1
• Assembly Histories and Observational Properties of Simulated Early-type Galaxies
• GalSBI-SPS: a stellar population synthesis-based galaxy population model for cosmology and galaxy evolution applications
• The Kormendy relation of cluster galaxies in PPS regions
• LYRA II: Cosmological dwarf galaxy formation with inhomogeneous Population III enrichment
• Gravity at Work: How the Build-Up of Environments Shape Galaxy Properties
• Structural evolution of quiescent galaxies at intermediate redshifts at UV and red rest-frame wavelengths
• A MaNGA about the Legacy I: Connecting the Assembly of Stellar Halo with the Average Star Formation History in Low-Redshift Massive Galaxies
• From the Densest Clusters to the Emptiest Voids: No Evidence For Environmental Effects on the Galaxy Size-Mass Relation at Low Redshift
• From naked spheroids to disky galaxies: how do massive disk galaxies shape their morphology?
• Newcomers and suburbanites can drive the evolution of the size-stellar mass relation of early type galaxies in galaxy clusters
• Bar Evolution in Edge-on Galaxies: A Demographic Study of Boxy/Peanut Bulges
• Merging of unequal mass binary black holes in non-axisymmetric galactic nuclei
• Quiescent Galaxy Size, Velocity Dispersion, and Dynamical Mass Evolution
• pop-cosmos: Star formation over 12 Gyr from generative modelling of a deep infrared-selected galaxy catalogue
• Rapid sinking and efficient mergers of supermassive black holes in compact high-redshift galaxies
• COSTA: the COld STream finder Algorithm. Searching for kinematical substructures in the phase space of discrete tracers
• The most massive galaxies with large depleted cores: structural parameter relations and black hole masses
• The satellite population around luminous red galaxies in the 25 square degree DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys Early Data Release
• The kinematic imprinting of environmental quenching in $z<0.2$ galaxies
• The multiwavelength structure of post-starburst galaxies at 0.5 < z < 3 with JWST PRIMER: compact morphologies and residual disturbances
• Size-Mass Relation Shows Its Colours: Contrasting Physical Imprints of Galaxy Evolution in Rest-Frame UV and Optical
• Milky-Way-like stars in a galaxy core 8 billion years ago revealed by gravitational lensing
• SQuIGGLE: Studying Quenching in Intermediate-z Galaxies -- Gas, AnguLar Momentum, and Evolution
• The $10\mathrm{kpc}$ collar of early-type galaxies -- probing evolution by focusing on the inner stellar density profile
• Modeling Cosmological Evolution of Jetted Seyfert Galaxies for z<10
• Gas flows in galaxy mergers: supersonic turbulence in bridges, accretion from the circumgalactic medium, and metallicity dilution
• Scaling Relations Between Low-mass Black Holes and Their Host Galaxies