Stellar masses, sizes, and radial profiles for 465 nearby early-type galaxies: an extension to the Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (S${}^4$G)

Abstract

The Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (S${}^4$G) is a detailed study of over 2300 nearby galaxies in the near-infrared (NIR), which has been critical to our understanding of the detailed structures of nearby galaxies. Because the sample galaxies were selected only using radio-derived velocities, however, the survey favored late-type disk galaxies over lenticulars and ellipticals. A follow-up Spitzer survey was conducted to rectify this bias, adding 465 early-type galaxies (ETGs) to the original sample, to be analyzed in a manner consistent with the initial survey. We present the data release of this ETG extension, up to the third data processing pipeline (P3): surface photometry. We produce curves of growth and radial surface brightness profiles (with and without inclination corrections) using reduced and masked Spitzer IRAC 3.6$\mu$m and 4.5$\mu$m images produced through Pipelines 1 and 2, respectively. From these profiles, we derive the following integrated quantities: total magnitudes, stellar masses, concentration parameters, and galaxy size metrics. We showcase NIR scaling relations for ETGs among these quantities. We examine general trends across the whole S${}^4$G and ETG extension among our derived parameters, highlighting differences between ETGs and late-type galaxies (LTGs). ETGs are, on average, more massive and more concentrated than LTGs, and also show subtle distinctions among ETG morphological sub-types. We also derive the following scaling relations and compare with previous results in visible light: mass--size (both half-light and isophotal), mass--concentration, mass--surface brightness (central, effective, and within 1 kpc), and mass--color. We find good agreement with previous works, though some relations (e.g., mass--central surface brightness) will require more careful multi-component decompositions to be fully understood.

arXiv comment25 pages, 17 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

References in corpus (158)

• SciPy 1.0--Fundamental Algorithms for Scientific Computing in Python
• Array Programming with NumPy
• Measuring Reddening with SDSS Stellar Spectra and Recalibrating SFD
• The Origin of the Mass--Metallicity Relation: Insights from 53,000 Star-Forming Galaxies in the SDSS
• LSST: from Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products
• The Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) for the Spitzer Space Telescope
• The Spitzer Space Telescope Mission
• Detailed Structural Decomposition of Galaxy Images
• Detailed Decomposition of Galaxy Images. II. Beyond Axisymmetric Models
• Galaxy Harassment and the Evolution of Clusters of Galaxies
• Secular Evolution and the Formation of Pseudobulges in Disk Galaxies
• Quantifying the bimodal color-magnitude distribution of galaxies
• 3D-HST+CANDELS: The Evolution of the Galaxy Size-Mass Distribution since $z=3$
• The Environmental Dependence of the Relations between Stellar Mass, Structure, Star Formation and Nuclear Activity in Galaxies
• The ages and metallicities of galaxies in the local universe
• The size distribution of galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• The Atlas3D project -- I. A volume-limited sample of 260 nearby early-type galaxies: science goals and selection criteria
• Radial Mixing in Galactic Discs
• Minor mergers and the size evolution of elliptical galaxies
• Structure and Formation of Elliptical and Spheroidal Galaxies
• The Relationship Between Stellar Light Distributions of Galaxies and their Formation Histories
• Passively Evolving Early-type Galaxies at 1.4<z<2.5 in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field
• The Dust Opacity of Star-Forming Galaxies
• Drizzle: A Method for the Linear Reconstruction of Undersampled Images
• The SAURON project -- IX. A kinematic classification for early-type galaxies
• The Centers of Early-Type Galaxies with HST. IV. Central Parameter Relations
• The ATLAS3D project - III. A census of the stellar angular momentum within the effective radius of early-type galaxies: unveiling the distribution of Fast and Slow Rotators
• Confirmation of the remarkable compactness of massive quiescent galaxies at z~2.3: early-type galaxies did not form in a simple monolithic collapse
• On the shape of the light profiles of early-type galaxies
• A concise reference to (projected) Sersic R^{1/n} quantities, including Concentration, Profile Slopes, Petrosian indices, and Kron Magnitudes
• Formation of Galactic Nuclei
• Star formation thresholds and galaxy edges: why and where
• First Data Release of the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program
• What determines the strength and the slowdown rate of bars ?
• The ACS Virgo Cluster Survey. VI. Isophotal Analysis and the Structure of Early-Type Galaxies
• Absolute Calibration of the Infrared Array Camera on the Spitzer Space Telescope
• The SAURON project -- X. The orbital anisotropy of elliptical and lenticular galaxies: revisiting the (V/sigma,epsilon) diagram with integral-field stellar kinematics
• The ACS Virgo Cluster Survey. VIII. The Nuclei of Early-Type Galaxies
• The Relation Between Compact, Quiescent High Redshift Galaxies and Massive Nearby Elliptical Galaxies: Evidence for Hierarchical, Inside-Out Growth
• Forty-Seven Milky Way-Sized, Extremely Diffuse Galaxies in the Coma Cluster
• Strong size evolution of the most massive galaxies since z~2
• The Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (S^4G)
• Structure and Kinematics of Early-Type Galaxies from Integral-Field Spectroscopy
• HST photometry of dwarf elliptical galaxies in Coma, and an explanation for the alleged structural dichotomy between dwarf and bright elliptical galaxies
• zCOSMOS - 10k-bright spectroscopic sample. The bimodality in the Galaxy Stellar Mass Function: exploring its evolution with redshift
• The Secular Evolution of Disk Structural Parameters
• Can Minor Merging Account for the Size Growth of Quiescent Galaxies? New Results from the CANDELS Survey
• The Atlas3D project - VII. A new look at the morphology of nearby galaxies: the kinematic morphology-density relation
• Size evolution of the most massive galaxies at 1.7<z<3 from GOODS NICMOS survey imaging
• Evolution of the Bar Fraction in COSMOS: Quantifying the Assembly of the Hubble Sequence
• Structural and Photometric Classification of Galaxies - I. Calibration Based on a Nearby Galaxy Sample
• A Revised Parallel-Sequence Morphological Classification of Galaxies: Structure and Formation of S0 and Spheroidal Galaxies
• The structure of galactic disks: Studying late-type spiral galaxies using SDSS
• A Classical Morphological Analysis of Galaxies in the Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (S4G)
• Passive spiral formation from halo gas starvation: Gradual transformation into S0s
• Extending the Nearby Galaxy Heritage with WISE: First Results from the WISE Enhanced Resolution Galaxy Atlas
• Evolution of Density Profiles in High-z Galaxies: Compaction and Quenching Inside-Out
• Multiple minor mergers: formation of elliptical galaxies and constraints for the growth of spiral disks
• Reconstructing the stellar mass distributions of galaxies using S4G IRAC 3.6 and 4.5 micron images: II. The conversion from light to mass
• Compact High-Redshift Galaxies Are the Cores of the Most Massive Present-Day Spheroids
• HST and Spitzer imaging of red and blue galaxies at z~2.5: A correlation between size and star formation activity from compact quiescent galaxies to extended star forming galaxies
• The Centers of Early-Type Galaxies with HST. VI. Bimodal Central Surface Brightness Profiles
• The Outer Disks of Early-Type Galaxies. I. Surface-Brightness Profiles of Barred Galaxies
• Spitzer SAGE Infrared Photometry of Massive Stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• An investigation into the prominence of spiral galaxy bulges
• The Fundamental Properties of Galaxies and a New Galaxy Classification System
• Galaxies at the extremes: Ultra-diffuse galaxies in the Virgo Cluster
• Properties of Bars and Bulges in the Hubble Sequence
• Central Structural Parameters of Early-Type Galaxies as Viewed with HST/NICMOS
• Reconstructing the stellar mass distributions of galaxies using S4G IRAC 3.6 and 4.5 micron images: I. Correcting for contamination by PAH, hot dust, and intermediate age stars
• Converting From 3.6 and 4.5 Micron Fluxes to Stellar Mass
• Sizes and surface brightness profiles of quiescent galaxies at z ~ 2
• Growth of Galactic Bulges by Mergers: I. Dense Satellites
• On the estimation of galaxy structural parameters: the Sersic Model
• Spitzer SAGE-SMC Infrared Photometry of Massive Stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud
• Can bars be destroyed by a central mass concentration? I. Simulations
• Galaxy merging, the Fundamental Plane of elliptical galaxies, and the Mbh-sigma relation
• The Emission by Dust and Stars of Nearby Galaxies in the Herschel KINGFISH Survey
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): Panchromatic Data Release (far-UV --- far-IR) and the low-z energy budget
• On the Size and Comoving Mass Density Evolution of Early-Type Galaxies
• The Kormendy relation of massive elliptical galaxies at z~1.5. Evidence for size evolution ?
• Thick disks of edge-on galaxies seen through the Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (S4G): Lair of missing baryons?
• The impact of bars on disk breaks as probed by S4G imaging
• The line of sight velocity distributions of simulated merger remnants
• Gas Inflow in Barred Galaxies - Effects of Secondary Bars
• The IAC Stripe 82 Legacy Project: a wide-area survey for faint surface brightness astronomy
• Forming disk galaxies in wet major mergers. I. Three fiducial examples
• The Dependence of Galaxy Morphology and Structure on Environment and Stellar Mass
• Catalogue of the morphological features in the Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (S${}^4$G)
• Dissipation and the Fundamental Plane: Observational Tests
• Mid-Infrared Galaxy Morphology Along the Hubble Sequence
• The Dynamical Fingerprint of Core Scouring in Massive Elliptical Galaxies
• A physically motivated definition for the size of galaxies in an era of ultra-deep imaging
• Galaxy Light Concentration. I. Index stability and the connection with galaxy structure, dynamics, and supermassive black holes
• Rings and spirals in barred galaxies. III. Further comparisons and links to observations
• Mid-Infrared Galaxy Morphology from the Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (S^4G): The Imprint of the de Vaucouleurs Revised Hubble-Sandage Classification System at 3.6 microns
• Disks around Brown Dwarfs in the Sigma Orionis Cluster
• An Investigation of Sloan Digital Sky Survey Imaging Data and Multi-Band Scaling Relations of Spiral Galaxies (with Dynamical Information)
• A near-infrared census of the multi-component stellar structure of early-type dwarf galaxies in the Virgo cluster
• The origin of the mu_e - M_B and Kormendy relations in dwarf elliptical galaxies
• Dependence of Galaxy Structure on Rest-frame Wavelength and Galaxy Type
• A unified picture of breaks and truncations in spiral galaxies from SDSS and S^{4}G imaging
• The Sizes of Early-type Galaxies
• Formation of S0 galaxies through mergers: Explaining angular momentum and concentration change from spirals to S0s
• On the Origin of Lopsidedness in Galaxies as Determined from the Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (S4G)
• Photometric properties and origin of bulges in SB0 galaxies
• The Relation Between Galaxy Morphology and Environment in the Local Universe: An RC3-SDSS Picture
• The reports of thick discs' deaths are greatly exaggerated: thick discs are NOT artefacts caused by diffuse scattered light
• Statistics of the structure components in S0s: implications for bar induced secular evolution
• The shapes of spiral arms in the S${}^4$G survey and their connection with stellar bars
• Barlenses and X-shape features compared: different manifestations of Boxy/Peanut bulges
• The flattening and the orbital structure of early-type galaxies and collisionless N-body binary disk mergers
• The CALIFA view on stellar angular momentum across the Hubble sequence
• Further evidence for large central mass-to-light ratios in early-type galaxies: the case of ellipticals and lenticulars in the Abell~262 cluster
• Do Bulges of Early- and Late-type Spirals Have Different Morphology?
• The distribution of galaxy morphological types and the morphology-mass relation in different environments at low redshift
• The first detection of ultra-diffuse galaxies in the Hydra I cluster from VEGAS survey
• The GALEX/S4G Surface Brightness and Color Profiles Catalog - I. Surface Photometry and Color Gradients of Galaxies
• The supermassive black hole mass - Sérsic index relations for bulges and elliptical galaxies
• Stellar mass distribution of S${}^4$G disk galaxies and signatures of bar-induced secular evolution
• Sizing up Partially-Depleted Galaxy Cores
• S0 galaxies are faded spirals: clues from their angular momentum content
• The HST/ACS Coma Cluster Survey: VII - Colour Gradients in Giant and Dwarf Early-Type Galaxies
• The Mass Dependence of Star Formation Histories in Barred Spiral Galaxies
• Early type galaxies with tidal debris and their scaling relations in the Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (S4G)
• Morphological Parameters of Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (S4G)
• Evidence of Bar-induced Secular Evolution in the Inner Regions of Stellar Discs in Galaxies: What Shapes Disc Galaxies?
• Cluster and field elliptical galaxies at z~1.3. The marginal role of the environment and the relevance of the galaxy central regions
• On the central stellar mass density and the inside-out growth of early-type galaxies
• Probing galaxy evolution through the internal colour gradients, the Kormendy relations and the Photometric Plane of cluster galaxies at z~0.2
• Are ultra-diffuse galaxies Milky Way-sized?
• The SAURON Project - XX. The Spitzer [3.6] - [4.5] colour in early-type galaxies: colours, colour gradients and inverted scaling relations
• Forming Lenticular Galaxies via Violent Disk Instability
• Formation channels of slowly rotating early-type galaxies
• The origin of bulges and discs in the CALIFA survey: I. Morphological evolution
• Stellar Mass Estimation Based on IRAC Photometry for Spitzer SWIRE-field Galaxies
• The Spectroscopy and H-band Imaging of Virgo cluster galaxies (SHIVir) Survey: Scaling Relations and the Stellar-to-Total Mass Relation
• $R_{\mathrm{e}}$. I. Understanding galaxy sizes, associated luminosity densities, and the artificial division of the early-type galaxy population
• Disk Galaxy Scaling Relations in the SFI++: Intrinsic Scatter and Applications
• A point source survey of M31 with the Spitzer Space Telescope
• Influence of galaxy stellar mass and observed wavelength on disc breaks in S${}^4$G, NIRS0S, and SDSS data
• The Mid-Infrared Fundamental Plane of Early-Type Galaxies
• A monolithic collapse origin for the thin/thick disc structure of ESO 243-49
• On the varied origins of up-bending breaks in galaxy disks
• Size growth of red-sequence early-type galaxies in clusters in the last 10 Gyr
• Inner rings in disc galaxies: dead or alive
• IRAC Near-Infrared Features in the Outer Parts of S4G Galaxies
• The density of dark matter haloes of early-type galaxies in low-density environments
• MaNGA galaxy properties -- I. An extensive optical, mid-infrared photometric, and environmental catalogue
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): The unimodal nature of the dwarf galaxy population
• Testing a theoretical prediction for bar formation in galaxies with bulges
• Spitzer mid-infrared point sources in the fields of nearby galaxies
• Detection of Prominent Stellar Disks in the Progenitors of Present-day Massive Elliptical Galaxies
• Photometric scaling relations of antitruncated stellar discs in S0-Scd galaxies
• The imprint of the thick stellar disc in the mid-plane of three early-type edge-on galaxies in the Fornax cluster
• Overview of the Near-IR S0 galaxy Survey (NIRS0S)
• Infrared-detected AGNs in the Local Universe
• The Structure of Galaxies: III. Two Structural Families of Ellipticals

Cited by in corpus (14)

• The edges of galaxies: Tracing the limits of star formation
• The morphological mix of dwarf galaxies in the nearby Universe
• Extragalactic Stellar Tidal Streams in the Dark Energy Survey
• Relaxed blue ellipticals: accretion-driven stellar growth is a key evolutionary channel for low mass elliptical galaxies
• A possible signature of the influence of tidal perturbations in dwarf galaxy scaling relations
• The size--mass and other structural parameter ($n,{\mu }_z,R_z$) relations for local bulges/spheroids from multicomponent decompositions
• Linking star formation thresholds and truncations in the thin and thick disks of the low-mass galaxy UGC 7321
• The structural properties of nearby dwarf galaxies in low density environments -- size, surface brightness and colour gradients
• Low Surface Brightness structures from annotated deep CFHT images: effects of the host galaxy's properties and environment
• Euclid preparation. LXVIII. Extracting physical parameters from galaxies with machine learning
• Cosmic reflections I: the structural diversity of simulated and observed low-mass galaxy analogues
• The Complete Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (CS${}^4$G)
• The Intrinsic Flattening of Galaxy Disks
• TONGS: A Treasury Of Nearby Galaxy Surveys