The Outer Disks of Early-Type Galaxies. I. Surface-Brightness Profiles of Barred Galaxies

Abstract

We present a study of 66 barred, early-type (S0-Sb) disk galaxies, focused on the disk surface brightness profile outside the bar region and the nature of Freeman Type I and II profiles, their origins, and their possible relation to disk truncations. This paper discusses the data and their reduction, outlines our classification system, and presents $R$-band profiles and classifications for all galaxies in the sample. The profiles are derived from a variety of different sources, including the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (Data Release 5). For about half of the galaxies, we have profiles derived from more than one telescope; this allows us to check the stability and repeatability of our profile extraction and classification. The vast majority of the profiles are reliable down to levels of mu_R ~ 27 mag arcsec^-2; in exceptional cases, we can trace profiles down to mu_R > 28. We can typically follow disk profiles out to at least 1.5 times the traditional optical radius R_25; for some galaxies, we find light extending to ~ 3 R_25. We classify the profiles into three main groups: Type I (single-exponential), Type II (down-bending), and Type III (up-bending). The frequencies of these types are approximately 27%, 42%, and 24%, respectively, plus another 6% which are combinations of Types II and III. We further classify Type II profiles by where the break falls in relation to the bar length, and in terms of the postulated mechanisms for breaks at large radii ("classical trunction" of star formation versus the influence of the Outer Lindblad Resonance of the bar). We also classify the Type III profiles by the probable morphology of the outer light (disk or spheroid). Illustrations are given for all cases. (Abridged)

41 pages, 26 PDF figures. To appear in the Astronomical Journal. Version with full-resolution figures available at http://www.mpe.mpg.de/~erwin/research/

References in corpus (4)

• The 2.5 m Telescope of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• Forming Disk Galaxies in Lambda CDM Simulations
• A Near-Infrared Study of 2MASS Bars in Local Galaxies: An Anchor for High Redshift Studies
• The structure of galactic disks: Studying late-type spiral galaxies using SDSS

Cited by in corpus (93)

• SPARC: Mass Models for 175 Disk Galaxies with Spitzer Photometry and Accurate Rotation Curves
• Imfit: A Fast, Flexible New Program for Astronomical Image Fitting
• Reconstructing the Subsurface Three-Dimensional Magnetic Structure of A Solar Active Region Using SDO/HMI Observations
• Environmental Effects on Satellite Galaxies: The Link Between Concentration, Size and Colour Profile
• Color Profiles of Spiral Galaxies: Clues on Outer-Disk Formation Scenarios
• The ghost of a dwarf galaxy: fossils of the hierarchical formation of the nearby spiral galaxy NGC 5907
• Cold Dark Matter Substructure and Galactic Disks II: Dynamical Effects of Hierarchical Satellite Accretion
• Composite Bulges: The Coexistence of Classical Bulges and Disky Pseudobulges in S0 and Spiral Galaxies
• Two-dimensional multi-component photometric decomposition of CALIFA galaxies
• ProFit: Bayesian Profile Fitting of Galaxy Images
• The formation of stellar nuclear discs in bar-induced gas inflows
• The HST/ACS Coma Cluster Survey: I - Survey Objectives and Design
• GASP XXIII: A jellyfish galaxy as an astrophysical laboratory of the baryonic cycle
• An N-body/SPH Study of Isolated Galaxy Mass Density Profiles
• A unified picture of breaks and truncations in spiral galaxies from SDSS and S^{4}G imaging
• Formation of S0 galaxies through mergers. V. Antitruncated stellar discs resulting from major mergers
• The influence of diffuse scattered light II. Observations of galaxy haloes and thick discs and hosts of BCGs
• An Optimal Strategy for Accurate Bulge-to-disk Decomposition of Disk Galaxies
• Color Profiles of Disk Galaxies since z~1: Probing Outer Disk Formation Scenarios
• The Fornax Deep Survey (FDS) with the VST XI. The search for signs of preprocessing between the Fornax main cluster and Fornax A group
• The Structure and Stellar Content of the Outer Disks of Galaxies: A New View from the Pan-STARRS1 Medium Deep Survey
• Disk galaxies with broken luminosity profiles from cosmological simulations
• Cosmic Evolution of Stellar Disk Truncations: From z~1 to the Local Universe
• Metallicity gradients in small and nearby spiral galaxies
• Stellar mass distribution of S${}^4$G disk galaxies and signatures of bar-induced secular evolution
• Evidence for the concurrent growth of thick discs and central mass concentrations from S${}^4$G imaging
• Evidence of Bar-induced Secular Evolution in the Inner Regions of Stellar Discs in Galaxies: What Shapes Disc Galaxies?
• The Mass Profile and Shape of Bars in the Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (S4G): Search for an Age Indicator for Bars
• Scalelength of disc galaxies
• Structural and photometric properties of barred galaxies from the Auriga cosmological simulations
• Galaxy populations in the Antlia cluster. II. Compact elliptical galaxy candidates
• On the morphology of sigma-drop galaxies
• Stellar Disc Truncations and Extended Haloes in Face-on Spiral Galaxies
• How do spiral arm contrasts relate to bars, disk breaks and other fundamental galaxy properties?
• The Close AGN Reference Survey (CARS): Comparative analysis of the structural properties of star-forming and non-star-forming galaxy bars
• Stellar masses, sizes, and radial profiles for 465 nearby early-type galaxies: an extension to the Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (S${}^4$G)
• Influence of galaxy stellar mass and observed wavelength on disc breaks in S${}^4$G, NIRS0S, and SDSS data
• The environmental dependence of the structure of galactic discs in STAGES S0 galaxies: implications for S0 formation
• Exploring the nature of dark matter with the extreme galaxy AGC 114905
• How Robust Are the Size Measurements of High-redshift Compact Galaxies?
• On the varied origins of up-bending breaks in galaxy disks
• Composite Bulges -- II. Classical Bulges and Nuclear Discs in Barred Galaxies: The Contrasting Cases of NGC 4608 and NGC 4643
• The NIR structure of the barred galaxy NGC253 from VISTA
• The Role of Stellar Radial Motions in Shaping Galaxy Surface Brightness Profiles
• Disc cloaking: Establishing a lower limit to the number density of local compact massive spheroids/bulges and the potential fate of some high-z red nuggets
• Deep Near-Infrared Surface Photometry and Properties of Local Volume Dwarf Irregular Galaxies
• Smoothing Rotation Curves and Mass Profiles
• Tracing the Assembly History of NGC 1395 through its Globular Cluster System
• The secular growth of bars revealed by flat (peak + shoulders) density profiles
• Forming disc galaxies in major mergers: III. The effect of angular momentum on the radial density profiles of disc galaxies
• A search for ionised gas outflows in an Halpha imaging atlas of nearby LINERs
• The Impact of Stellar Migration on Disk Outskirts
• Star Formation Histories Across the Interacting Galaxy NGC 6872, the Largest-Known Spiral
• Galaxy rotation curves with log-normal density distribution
• First spectroscopic study of ionized gas emission lines in the extreme low surface brightness galaxy Malin 1
• The distribution of dust in edge-on galaxies: I. The global structure
• MUSE observations of the giant low surface brightness galaxy Malin 1: Numerous HII regions, star formation rate, metallicity, and dust attenuation
• The Extended Disk Galaxy Exploration Science Survey: Description and Surface Brightness Profile Properties
• Evolution of the anti-truncated stellar profiles of S0 galaxies since $z=0.6$ in the SHARDS survey: I - Sample and Methods
• Isolating the young stellar population in the outer disk of NGC 300
• JWST reveals a high fraction of disk breaks at $1\le z\le 3$
• Linking star formation thresholds and truncations in the thin and thick disks of the low-mass galaxy UGC 7321
• Thickness of Stellar Disks in Early-type Galaxies
• Type-II surface brightness profiles in edge-on galaxies produced by flares
• The Shape of Dark Matter Haloes IV. The Structure of Stellar Discs in Edge-on Galaxies
• NGC 307 and the Effects of Dark-Matter Haloes on Measuring Supermassive Black Holes in Disc Galaxies
• Tilted outer and inner structures in edge-on galaxies?
• The origin of type-I profiles in cluster lenticulars: An interplay between ram pressure stripping and tidally-induced spiral migration
• Milky Way-like galaxies: stellar population properties of dynamically defined disks, bulges and stellar halos
• Near-exponential surface densities as hydrostatic, nonequilibrium profiles in galaxy discs
• Euclid: Early Release Observations of diffuse stellar structures and globular clusters as probes of the mass assembly of galaxies in the Dorado group
• Power-law Sersic profiles in hydrostatic stellar galaxy discs
• Extended far-ultraviolet emission in distant dwarf galaxies
• Entropy and Mass Distribution in Disc Galaxies
• A New Metal-poor Globular Cluster and Resolved Stars in the Outer Disk of the Black Eye Galaxy M64: Implication for the Origin of the Type III Disk Break
• The Way We Measure: Comparison of Methods to Derive Radial Surface Brightness Profiles
• Color profiles of disk galaxies at $z=1$-$3$ observed with JWST: Implications for outer-disk formation histories
• LIGHTS. A robust technique to identify galaxy edges
• Flares, Warps, Truncations, and Satellite: The Ultra-thin Galaxy UGC 11859
• The Intrinsic Flattening of Galaxy Disks
• Gravitational interaction signatures in isolated galaxy triplet systems: a photometric analysis
• The structure of stellar disks in isolated lenticular galaxies
• The GECKOS survey: Jeans anisotropic models of edge-on discs uncover the impact of dust and kinematic structures
• Star Formation History in the Central Region of the Barred Galaxy NGC 7177
• Stability and Damping in the Disks of Massive Galaxies
• Exploring the outskirts of the EAGLE disc galaxies
• Extended Gaseous Disk in the S0 galaxy NGC 4143
• Mapping the Milky Way with Gaia Bp/Rp spectra-IV: the broken and asymmetric density profile of the stellar disk traced by a large sample of red clumps
• Modeling Cosmological Evolution of Jetted Seyfert Galaxies for z<10
• Dynamical modelling of galactic disc outskirts
• Physically motivated fit to mass surface density profiles observed in galaxies
• A Dynamical-Photometric Phase Space for Spiral Galaxies: Probing the Local Coupling Between Light and Gravity
• Using the EAGLE simulations to elucidate the origin of disc surface brightness profile breaks as a function of mass and environment