An ALMA/NOEMA survey of the molecular gas properties of high-redshift star-forming galaxies

Abstract

We present a survey of the molecular gas in 61 submillimetre galaxies (SMGs) selected from 870$\mu$m continuum surveys of the COSMOS, UDS and ECDFS fields, using the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) and the Northern Extended Millimeter Array (NOEMA). 46 ${}^{12}$CO ($J=$2-5) emission lines are detected in 45 of the targets at $z=$1.2-4.8, with redshifts indicating that those which are submillimetre bright and undetected/faint in the optical/near-infrared typically lie at higher redshifts, with a gradient of $\Delta z/\Delta S_{870}=$0.11$\pm$0.04mJy${}^{-1}$. We also supplement our data with literature sources to construct a statistical CO spectral line energy distribution and find the ${}^{12}$CO line luminosities in SMGs peak at $J_{\mathrm{up}}\sim$6, consistent with the Cosmic Eyelash, among similar studies. Our SMGs lie mostly on or just above the main sequence, displaying a decrease in their gas depletion timescales $t_{\mathrm{dep}}=M_{\mathrm{gas}}/\mathrm{SFR}$ with redshift in the range $z\sim$1-5 and a median of 200$\pm$50Myr at $z\sim$2.8. This coincides with an increase in molecular gas fraction ${\mu }_{\mathrm{gas}}=M_{\mathrm{gas}}/M_{\ast }$ across the same redshift range. Finally we demonstrate that the $M_{\mathrm{baryon}}$-$\sigma$ distribution of our SMGs is consistent with that followed by early-type galaxies in the Coma cluster, providing strong support to the suggestion that SMGs are progenitors of massive local spheroidal galaxies. On the basis of this we suggest that the SMG populations above and below an 870-$\mu$m flux limit of $S_{870}\sim$5mJy may correspond to the division between slow- and fast-rotators seen in local early-type galaxies.

Submitted to MNRAS

References in corpus (54)

• Star Formation in AEGIS Field Galaxies since z=1.1 : The Dominance of Gradually Declining Star Formation, and the Main Sequence of Star-Forming Galaxies
• A Cosmological Framework for the Co-Evolution of Quasars, Supermassive Black Holes, and Elliptical Galaxies: I. Galaxy Mergers & Quasar Activity
• A Highly Consistent Framework for the Evolution of the Star-Forming "Main Sequence" from z~0-6
• A simple model to interpret the ultraviolet, optical and infrared emission from galaxies
• Combined CO & Dust Scaling Relations of Depletion Time and Molecular Gas Fractions with Cosmic Time, Specific Star Formation Rate and Stellar Mass
• The Stellar, Gas and Dynamical Masses of Star-Forming Galaxies at z~2
• The Cosmic Infrared Background Resolved by Spitzer. Contributions of Mid-Infrared Galaxies to the Far-Infrared Background
• An ALMA survey of Sub-millimeter Galaxies in the Extended Chandra Deep Field South: Physical properties derived from ultraviolet-to-radio modelling
• Intense Star Formation within Resolved Compact Regions in a Galaxy at z=2.3
• The SCUBA HAlf Degree Extragalactic Survey (SHADES) - III. Identification of radio and mid-infrared counterparts to submillimetre galaxies
• Kiloparsec-scale dust disks in high-redshift luminous submillimeter galaxies
• CO excitation of normal star forming galaxies out to z=1.5 as regulated by the properties of their interstellar medium
• The SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey: ALMA resolves the rest-frame far-infrared emission of sub-millimeter galaxies
• ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: Survey Description
• Vigorous star formation with low efficiency in massive disk galaxies at z=1.5
• High-redshift star formation in the ALMA era
• Evidence for a Population of High-Redshift Submillimeter Galaxies from Interferometric Imaging
• A Massive Molecular Gas Reservoir in the z=5.3 Submillimeter Galaxy AzTEC-3
• The Herschel Comprehensive (U)LIRG Emission Survey (HerCULES): CO Ladders, fine structure lines, and neutral gas cooling
• Star formation relations and CO SLEDs across the J-ladder and redshift
• Testing the Evolutionary Link Between Submillimetre Galaxies and Quasars: CO Observations of QSOs at z~2
• The Rest-Frame Submillimeter Spectrum of High-Redshift, Dusty, Star-Forming Galaxies
• An ALMA survey of submillimetre galaxies in the Extended Chandra Deep Field South: Spectroscopic redshifts
• Automated Mining of the ALMA Archive in the COSMOS Field (A3COSMOS): II. Cold Molecular Gas Evolution out to Redshift 6
• ALMA observations of atomic carbon in z~4 dusty star-forming galaxies
• An ALMA survey of the SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey UKIDSS/UDS field: Source catalogue and properties
• Molecular gas in the Herschel-selected strongly lensed submillimeter galaxies at z~2-4 as probed by multi-J CO lines
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] survey: Molecular gas budget in the Early Universe as traced by [CII]
• The ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the HUDF: CO Excitation and Atomic Carbon in Star-Forming Galaxies at $z=1-3$
• Molecular Gas in a Submillimeter Galaxy at z=4.5: Evidence for a Major Merger at 1 Billion Years after the Big Bang
• An ALMA survey of the SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey UKIDSS/UDS field: High-resolution dust continuum morphologies and the link between sub-millimetre galaxies and spheroid formation
• Kinematics of $z\ge 6$ galaxies from [CII] line emission
• A spatially resolved study of cold dust, molecular gas, HII regions, and stars in the $z=2.12$ submillimeter galaxy ALESS67.1
• Molecular gas content in strongly-lensed z~1.5-3 star-forming galaxies with low IR luminosities
• Automated Mining of the ALMA Archive in the COSMOS Field (A3COSMOS): I. Robust ALMA Continuum Photometry Catalogs and Stellar Mass and Star Formation Properties for ~700 Galaxies at z=0.5-6
• Molecules in galaxies
• An ALMA survey of the brightest sub-millimetre sources in the SCUBA-2 COSMOS field
• The properties of the interstellar medium of galaxies across time as traced by the neutral atomic carbon [CI]
• An ALMA survey of submillimeter galaxies in the COSMOS field: Multiwavelength counterparts and redshift distribution
• Molecular gas heating mechanisms, and star formation feedback in merger/s tarbursts: NGC 6240 and Arp 193 as case studies
• Interferometric 890 micron Images of High Redshift Submillimeter Galaxies
• The nature of sub-millimeter and highly star-forming galaxies in the EAGLE simulation
• An ALMA survey of submillimetre galaxies in the COSMOS field: Physical properties derived from energy balance spectral energy distribution modelling
• The Main Sequence at $z\sim 1.3$ contains a sizable fraction of galaxies with compact star formation sizes: a new population of early post-starbursts?
• Physical properties and evolution of (Sub-)millimeter selected galaxies in the galaxy formation simulation Shark
• Physical properties of z>4 submillimeter galaxies in the COSMOS field
• CO emission in distant galaxies on and above the main sequence
• Interferometric CO Observations of submillimeter-faint, radio-selected starburst galaxies at z~2
• The AT-LESS CO(1-0) survey of submillimetre galaxies in the Extended Chandra Deep Field South: First results on cold molecular gas in galaxies at z ~ 2
• A blind CO detection of a Distant Red Galaxy in the HS1700+64 proto-cluster
• ALMA reveals the molecular gas properties of 5 star-forming galaxies across the main sequence at 3 < z < 3.5
• A Precise Benchmark for Cluster Scaling Relations: Fundamental Plane, Mass Plane and IMF in the Coma Cluster from Dynamical Models
• Subaru FOCAS IFU observations of two z=0.12 strong-lensing elliptical galaxies from SDSS MaNGA
• ALMA Imaging of the CO(7-6) Line Emission in the Submillimeter Galaxy LESS 073 at redshift 4.755${}^{\star }$

Cited by in corpus (60)

• Fast rotating and low-turbulence discs at $z\simeq 4.5$: Dynamical evidence of their evolution into local early-type galaxies
• An ALMA multi-line survey of the ISM in two quasar host-companion galaxy pairs at $z>6$
• CONCERTO: High-fidelity simulation of millimeter line emissions of galaxies and [CII] intensity mapping
• The ALMA-ALPAKA survey I: high-resolution CO and [CI] kinematics of star-forming galaxies at z = 0.5-3.5
• Measurements of the dust properties in z~1-3 SMGs with ALMA
• An ALMA Spectroscopic Survey of the Brightest Submillimeter Galaxies in the SCUBA-2-COSMOS field (AS2COSPEC): Survey Description and First Results
• Sub-millimetre compactness as a critical dimension to understand the Main Sequence of star-forming galaxies
• The Structure of Massive Star-Forming Galaxies from JWST and ALMA: Dusty, High Redshift Disk Galaxies
• ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: ALMA-Herschel Joint Study of Lensed Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies across $z\simeq 0.5-6$
• JWST's PEARLS: A JWST/NIRCam view of ALMA sources
• Spatially resolved dust properties and quasar-galaxy decomposition of a HyLIRG at z = 4.4
• A High-Resolution Investigation of the Multi-Phase ISM in a Galaxy during the First Two Billion Years
• VINTERGATAN IV: Cosmic phases of star formation in Milky Way-like galaxies
• Bright Extragalactic ALMA Redshift Survey (BEARS) III: Detailed study of emission lines from 71 Herschel targets
• VLA Legacy Survey of Molecular Gas in Massive Star-forming Galaxies at High Redshift
• An ALMA Spectroscopic Survey of the Brightest Submillimeter Galaxies in the SCUBA-2-COSMOS Field (AS2COSPEC): Physical Properties of z=2-5 Ultra- and Hyperluminous Infrared Galaxies
• An ALMA survey of the SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy SurveyUKIDSS/UDS Field: Halo Masses for Submillimetre Galaxies
• Rapid build-up of the stellar content in the protocluster core SPT2349$-$56 at $z=4.3$
• z-GAL -- A NOEMA spectroscopic redshift survey of bright Herschel galaxies: [I] Overview
• A Multiwavelength Study of ELAN Environments (AMUSE${}^2$). Mass budget, satellites spin alignment and gas infall in a massive $z\sim 3$ quasar host halo
• A Multiwavelength Study of ELAN Environments (AMUSE${}^2$): Detection of a dusty star-forming galaxy within the enormous Lyman $\alpha$ nebula at $z=2.3$ sheds light on its origin
• The JCMT SCUBA-2 Survey of the James Webb Space Telescope North Ecliptic Pole Time-Domain Field
• The VLA Frontier Field Survey: A Comparison of the Radio and UV/optical size of $0.3\lesssim z\lesssim 3$ star-forming galaxies
• Dust, gas, and metal content in star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 3.3$ revealed with ALMA and Near-IR spectroscopy
• FIR-luminous [CII] emitters in the ALMA-SCUBA-2 COSMOS survey (AS2COSMOS): The nature of submillimeter galaxies in a 10 comoving Mpc-scale structure at z~4.6
• HYPERION. Coevolution of supermassive black holes and galaxies at $z>6$ and the build-up of massive galaxies
• The Rest-Frame Submillimeter Spectrum of High Redshift, Dusty, Star-Forming Galaxies from the SPT-SZ Survey
• JWST's PEARLS: resolved study of the stellar and dust components in starburst galaxies at cosmic noon
• NOEMA confirmation of an optically dark ALMA-AzTEC submillimetre galaxy at $z=5.24$. A late-stage starburst prior to quenching
• The tight correlation of PAH and CO emission from z~0-4
• Circumgalactic Ly$\alpha$ emission around submillimeter-bright galaxies with different quasar contributions
• CONCERTO: Extracting the power spectrum of the [C II ] emission line
• COALAS III: The ATCA CO(1-0) look at the growth and death of H$\alpha$ emitters in the Spiderweb protocluster at z=2.16
• Jansky Very Large Array detections of CO(1-0) emission in HI-absorption-selected galaxies at $z\gtrsim 2$
• When relics were made: vigorous stellar rotation and low dark matter content in the massive ultra-compact galaxy GS-9209 at z=4.66
• SCUBA-2 Ultra Deep Imaging EAO Survey (STUDIES). V. Confusion-limited Submillimeter Galaxy Number Counts at 450 $\mu$m and Data Release for the COSMOS Field
• The SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey: The EGS deep field -- III. The evolution of faint submillimeter galaxies at $z<4$
• Evidence for environmental effects in the $z=4.3$ protocluster core SPT2349$-$56
• CO(1--0) imaging reveals 10-kiloparsec molecular gas reservoirs around star-forming galaxies at high redshift
• CO Excitation in High-z Main Sequence Analogues: Resolved CO(4-3)/CO(3-2) Line Ratios in DYNAMO Galaxies
• Behind the dust veil: A panchromatic view of an optically dark galaxy at z=4.82
• Resolving a merger in a hyper-luminous submillimeter galaxy at z=2.82
• Formation of Substructure in Luminous Submillimeter Galaxies (FOSSILS): Evidence of Multiple Pathways to Trigger Starbursts in Luminous Submillimeter Galaxies
• Molecular gas in cool-core brightest cluster galaxies at $z\simeq 0.4$
• An ALMA spectroscopic survey of the Planck high-redshift object PLCK G073.4-57.5 confirms two protoclusters
• JADES Dark Horse: demonstrating high-multiplex observations with JWST/NIRSpec dense-shutter spectroscopy in the JADES Origins Field
• ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: Dust mass measurements as a function of redshift, stellar-mass and star formation rate, from z=1 to z=5
• Enhanced AGN Activity in Overdense Galactic Environments at $2<z<4$
• Euclid view of dusty star forming galaxies at z>~1.5 detected in wide area submillimetre surveys
• Tracing obscured galaxy build-up at high redshift using deep radio surveys
• Submillimeter galaxy overdensities around physically associated quasar pairs
• Measuring the gas reservoirs in $10^8<$ M${}_{\star }<10^{11}$ M${}_{\odot }$ galaxies at $1\le z\le 3$
• Gamma Analytical Modeling Evolution (GAME) I: The physical implications of deriving the stellar mass functions from z=0 to z=8
• Investigating the role of turbulence in the interstellar medium in $z\sim 3$ dusty star-forming galaxies using kpc-resolution ALMA dust and gas maps
• Tight correlation of star formation with [Ci] and CO lines across cosmic time
• Candidate cosmic filament in the GJ526 field, mapped with the NIKA2 camera
• Physical Characterization of Serendipitously Uncovered Millimeter-wave Line-emitting Galaxies at z~2.5 behind the Local Luminous Infrared Galaxy VV114
• Unveiling the evolution of the CO excitation ladder through cross-correlation of CONCERTO-like experiments and galaxy redshift surveys
• Kiloparsec-scale imaging of the CO(1-0)-traced cold molecular gas reservoir in a z~3.4 submillimeter galaxy
• Noema formIng Cluster survEy (NICE): A Census of Star Formation and Cold Gas Properties in Massive protoclusters at 1.5<z<4