SCUBA-2 Ultra Deep Imaging EAO Survey (STUDIES). V. Confusion-limited Submillimeter Galaxy Number Counts at 450 $\mu$m and Data Release for the COSMOS Field

Abstract

We present confusion-limited SCUBA-2 450-$\mu$m observations in the COSMOS-CANDELS region as part of the JCMT Large Program, SCUBA-2 Ultra Deep Imaging EAO Survey (STUDIES). Our maps at 450 and 850 $\mu$m cover an area of 450 arcmin${}^2$. We achieved instrumental noise levels of ${\sigma }_{450}=$ 0.59 mJy beam${}^{-1}$ and ${\sigma }_{850}=$ 0.09 mJy beam${}^{-1}$ in the deepest area of each map. The corresponding confusion noise levels are estimated to be 0.65 and 0.36 mJy beam${}^{-1}$. Above the 4 (3.5) $\sigma$ threshold, we detected 360 (479) sources at 450 $\mu$m and 237 (314) sources at 850 $\mu$m. We derive the deepest blank-field number counts at 450 $\mu$m, covering the flux-density range of 2 to 43 mJy. These are in agreement with other SCUBA-2 blank-field and lensing-cluster observations, but are lower than various model counts. We compare the counts with those in other fields and find that the field-to-field variance observed at 450 $\mu$m at the $R=6^{\prime }$ scale is consistent with Poisson noise, so there is no evidence of strong 2-D clustering at this scale. Additionally, we derive the integrated surface brightness at 450 $\mu$m down to 2.1 mJy to be $57.3_{-6.2}^{+1.0}$~Jy deg${}^{-2}$, contributing to (41$\pm$4)\% of the 450-$\mu$m extragalactic background light (EBL) measured by COBE and Planck. Our results suggest that the 450-$\mu$m EBL may be fully resolved at $0.08_{-0.08}^{+0.09}$~mJy, which extremely deep lensing-cluster observations and next-generation submillimeter instruments with large aperture sizes may be able to achieve.

29 pages, 14 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

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