Luminosity-dependent evolution of soft X-ray selected AGN: New Chandra and XMM-Newton surveys

Abstract

We present new results on the cosmological evolution of unabsorbed (type-1) active galactic nuclei (AGN) selected in the soft (0.5-2 keV) X-ray band. From a variety of ROSAT, XMM-Newton and Chandra surveys we selected a total of ~1000 AGN with an unprecedented spectroscopic and photometric optical/NIR identification completeness. For the first time we are able to derive reliable space densities for low-luminosity (Seyfert-type) X-ray sources at cosmological redshifts. The evolutionary behaviour of AGN shows a strong dependence on X-ray luminosity: while the space density of high-luminosity AGN reaches a peak around z~2, similar to that of optically selected QSO, the space density of low-luminosity AGNs peaks at redshifts below z=1. This confirms previous ROSAT findings of a luminosity-dependent density evolution. Using a rigorous treatment of the optical identification completeness we are able to show that the space density of AGN with X-ray luminosities L_x < 10^45 erg s^-1 declines significantly towards high redshifts.

arXiv comment21 pages, 13 figures, A&A (in press)

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• Low redshift AGN in the Hamburg/ESO Survey: I. The local AGN luminosity function
• Differences in the AGN Populations of Groups and Clusters: Clues to AGN Evolution
• GTC Spectra of z ~ 2.3 Quasars: Comparison with Local Luminosity Analogues
• X-ray constraints on the fraction of obscured AGN at high accretion luminosities
• The Chandra COSMOS Legacy survey: the z>3 sample
• Type 2 AGN host galaxies in the Chandra-COSMOS Legacy Survey: No Evidence of AGN-driven Quenching
• Modelling the luminosities and sizes of radio galaxies: radio luminosity function at z = 6
• Galaxy-scale Bars in Late-type Sloan Digital Sky Survey Galaxies Do Not Influence the Average Accretion Rates of Supermassive Black Holes
• XZ: Deriving redshifts from X-ray spectra of obscured AGN
• X-ray spectra of sources in the 13H XMM-Newton / Chandra deep field
• Athena X-IFU synthetic observations of galaxy clusters to probe the chemical enrichment of the Universe
• Supermassive Black Holes and Their Environments
• Linking the X-ray and infrared properties of star-forming galaxies at z<1.5
• Constraints on the faint end of the quasar luminosity function at z~5 in the COSMOS field
• Herschel Far-Infrared Photometry of the Swift Burst Alert Telescope Active Galactic Nuclei Sample of the Local Universe. II. SPIRE Observations
• On the co-evolution of supermassive black holes and their host galaxies since z = 3
• The Contribution of z<6 Sources to the Spatial Coherence in the Unresolved Cosmic near-Infrared and X-ray Backgrounds
• X-ray selected AGN in groups at redshifts z~1
• SCUBA-2 Ultra Deep Imaging Eao Survey (Studies) III: Multi-wavelength properties, luminosity functions and preliminary source catalog of 450-$\mu$m-selected galaxies
• The Largest X-ray Selected Sample of z>3 AGNs: C-COSMOS & ChaMP
• Supermassive Black-Hole Growth Over Cosmic Time: Active Galaxy Demography, Physics, and Ecology from Chandra Surveys
• Herschel ATLAS: The cosmic star formation history of quasar host galaxies
• Broad Band X-Ray Spectra of Two Low-luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei NGC 1566 and NGC 4941
• Obscured GOODS AGN and Their Host Galaxies at z < 1.25: The Slow Black Hole Growth Phase
• Eddington ratios of faint AGN at intermediate redshift: Evidence for a population of half-starved black holes
• AGN Selection Methods Have Profound Impacts on the Distributions of Host Galaxy Properties
• Angular Anisotropies in the Cosmic Gamma-ray Background as a Probe of its Origin
• Determining the core radio luminosity function of radio AGNs via copula
• Linking the fate of massive black hole binaries to the active galactic nuclei luminosity function
• Cosmic downsizing of powerful radio galaxies to low radio luminosities
• Radio-AGN Feedback: When the Little Ones were Monsters
• Physics of Coevolution of Galaxies and Supermassive Black Holes
• Anti-hierarchical evolution of the Active Galactic Nucleus space density in a hierarchical universe
• The Lyman Continuum Escape Fraction of Galaxies and AGN in the GOODS Fields
• Are dry mergers of Ellipticals the way to reconcile model predictions with the downsizing?
• J-PLUS: Unveiling the brightest-end of the Lyα luminosity function at 2.0<z<3.3 over 1000 deg^2
• Metals in the circumgalactic medium are out of ionization equilibrium due to fluctuating active galactic nuclei
• Angular correlation functions of X-ray point-like sources in the full exposure XMM-LSS field
• Supermassive black holes, star formation and downsizing of elliptical galaxies
• High-precision multi-band measurements of the angular clustering of X-ray sources
• AGN evolution from galaxy evolution viewpoint - II
• Radio continuum properties of luminous infrared galaxies. Identifying the presence of an AGN in the radio
• Accretion Properties of A Sample of Hard X-ray (<60keV) Selected Seyfert 1 Galaxies
• Testing the starburst/AGN connection with SWIRE X-ray/70 micron sources
• The average 0.5-200 keV spectrum of local active galactic nuclei and a new determination of the 2-10 keV luminosity function at z \approx 0
• Luminosity Dependent X-ray AGN Clustering ?
• On the origin of ultra high energy cosmic rays: Subluminal and superluminal relativistic shocks
• The RASS--6dFGS catalogue: a sample of X-ray selected AGN from the 6dF Galaxy Survey
• Constraints on Extragalactic Point Source Flux from Diffuse Neutrino Limits
• Evolution of active galactic nuclei
• The X-ray luminosity function of AGN at z~3
• HST/NICMOS Imaging of Bright High-Redshift 24μm-selected Galaxies: Merging Properties
• The Subaru-XMM-Newton Deep Survey (SXDS) VIII.: Multi-wavelength Identification, Optical/NIR Spectroscopic Properties, and Photometric Redshifts of X-ray Sources
• A Plethora of AGN Among Lyman Alpha Galaxies at Low Redshift
• On the Evolution of the Cores of Radio Sources and Their Extended Radio Emission
• The First Decade of Science with Chandra and XMM-Newton
• The Deep Chandra Survey of the Groth Strip - II. optical identification of the X-ray sources
• Ultraviolet Emission-Line Correlations in Hubble/COS Spectra of Active Galactic Nuclei: Single-Epoch Black Hole Masses
• Lower AGN Abundance in Galaxy Clusters at z < 0.5
• The ATLAS 5.5 GHz Survey of the Extended Chandra Deep Field South: The Second Data Release
• Environmental dependence of the galaxy stellar mass function in the Dark Energy Survey Science Verification Data
• XMM-Newton observations of the Galactic globular clusters NGC 2808 and NGC 4372
• The connection between star formation and supermassive Black Hole activity in the local Universe
• The OPTX Project III: X-ray versus Optical Spectral Type for AGNs
• Infrared-Faint Radio Sources: A Cosmological View - AGN Number Counts, the Cosmic X-Ray Background and SMBH Formation
• Disk Assembly and the M_BH-sigma Relation of Supermassive Black Holes
• Combined Chandra, XMM-Newton and Hubble Space Telescope observations of the Galactic globular cluster NGC 2808
• Comoving Space Density and Obscured Fraction of High-Redshift Active Galactic Nuclei in the Subaru/{\it XMM-Newton} Deep Survey
• Evolution of [OIII]5007 emission-line profiles in narrow emission-line galaxies
• Acceleration and propagation of ultra high energy cosmic rays
• Obscured and powerful AGN and starburst activities at z~3.5
• Demographics of z ~ 6 Quasars in the Black Hole Mass-Luminosity Plane
• Why are AGN found in High Mass Galaxies?
• Constraining the Emissivity of Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays in the Distant Universe with the Diffuse Gamma-ray Emission
• The 2-10 keV unabsorbed luminosity function of AGN from the XMM-Newton LSS, CDFS and COSMOS surveys
• Observational evidence that positive and negative AGN feedback depends on galaxy mass and jet power
• Curious case of the maximum rigidity distribution of cosmic-ray accelerators
• The Type II AGN-host galaxy connection: insights from the VVDS and VIPERS surveys
• Placing High-Redshift Quasars in Perspective: a Catalog of Spectroscopic Properties from the Gemini Near Infrared Spectrograph -- Distant Quasar Survey
• On ultra high energy cosmic rays and their resultant gamma rays
• AGN and QSOs in the eROSITA All-Sky Survey -- Part II: The large-scale structure
• Probing the Cosmic X-ray and MeV Gamma-ray Background Radiation through the Anisotropy
• The Evolution of Active Galactic Nuclei in Warm Dark Matter Cosmology
• The WISSH quasars project XI. The mean Spectral Energy Distribution and Bolometric Corrections of the most luminous quasars
• A mixture evolution scenario of the AGN radio luminosity function. II. Do low- and high-power radio-loud AGNs evolve differently?
• Constraints on the Local Sources of Ultra High-Energy Cosmic Rays
• Prospects for Very High Energy Blazar Survey by the Next Generation Cherenkov Telescopes
• A Uniform History for Galaxy Evolution
• The Cosmic History of Black Hole Growth from Deep Multiwavelength Surveys
• Infrared luminosity functions and dust mass functions in the EAGLE simulation
• Spectral Properties and the Effect on Redshift Cut-off of Compact AGNs from the AT20G Survey
• AGN X-ray luminosity function and absorption function in the Early Universe ($3\le z\le 6$)
• The neutrino background from non-jetted active galactic nuclei
• Modeling the spectrum and composition of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays with two populations of extragalactic sources
• Self-consistent model of extragalactic neutrino flux from evolving blazar population
• Faint COSMOS AGN at z~3.3 - I. Black Hole Properties and Constraints on Early Black Hole Growth
• Higher prevalence of X-ray selected AGN in intermediate age galaxies up to z~1
• Radio observations of the CDF-South: a possible link between radio emission and star formation in X-ray selected AGN
• Is the dependence of spectral index on luminosity real in optically selected AGN samples?
• Constraints on populations of neutrino sources from searches in the directions of IceCube neutrino alerts
• The preferentially magnified active nucleus in IRAS F10214+4724 - II. Spatially resolved cold molecular gas
• Systematically smaller single-epoch quasar black hole masses using a radius-luminosity relationship corrected for spectral bias
• The X-Ray Point-Source Population of NGC 1365: The Puzzle of Two Highly-Variable Ultraluminous X-ray Sources
• A dwarf nova in the globular cluster M13
• SCUBA-2 Ultra Deep Imaging EAO Survey (STUDIES) IV: Spatial clustering and halo masses of 450-$\mu$m-selected sub-millimeter galaxies
• The XXL Survey: XII. Optical spectroscopy of X-ray-selected clusters and the frequency of AGN in superclusters
• Measuring the jet power of flat spectrum radio quasars
• A thin diffuse component of the Galactic Ridge X-ray emission and heating of the interstellar medium contributed by the radiation of Galactic X-ray binaries
• Accretion properties of X-ray AGN: Evidence for radiation-regulated obscuration with redshift-dependent host galaxy contribution
• Astrophysical interpretation of the anisotropies in the unresolved gamma-ray background
• Mildly obscured active galaxies and the cosmic X-ray background
• Origin of the light cosmic ray component below the ankle
• Large-scale variations of the cosmic X-ray background and the X-ray emissivity of the local Universe
• AGN Activity and Black Hole Masses in Low Surface Brightness Galaxies
• Gamma-ray and Neutrino Signals from Accretion Disk Coronae of Active Galactic Nuclei
• X-ray emission from a rapidly accreting narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy at z=6.56
• Relativistic accretion disk reflection in AGN X-ray spectra at z=0.5--4: a study of four \textit{Chandra} deep fields
• An XMM-Newton view of the merging activity in the Centaurus cluster
• The XXL Survey XIX. A realistic population of simulated X-ray AGN: Comparison of models with observations
• Prospects for future very high-energy gamma-ray sky survey: impact of secondary gamma rays
• Cosmological Tests with the FSRQ Gamma-ray Luminosity Function
• BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey -- XIII. The nature of the most luminous obscured AGN in the low-redshift universe
• Heavily Obscured AGN detection: a Radio vs X-ray challenge
• Mid-Infrared Selected Quasars I: Virial Black Hole Mass and Eddington Ratios
• Faint, Evolving Radio AGN in SDSS Luminous Red Galaxies
• A Joint Model Of X-ray And Infrared Backgrounds. II. Compton-Thick AGN Abundance
• The spatial clustering of ROSAT all-sky survey Active Galactic Nuclei: V. The evolution of broad-line AGN clustering properties in the last 6 Gyr
• Modeling active galactic nuclei: ongoing problems for the faint-end of the luminosity function
• The SWIFT AGN and Cluster Survey I: Number Counts of AGN and Galaxy Clusters
• On the radio properties of the highest redshift quasars
• Can AGN and galaxy clusters explain the surface brightness fluctuations of the cosmic X-ray background?
• Lyman Alpha Constraints on Very Low Luminosity AGN
• The environment and redshift dependence of accretion onto dark matter halos and subhalos
• The contribution from blazar cascade emission to the extragalactic gamma-ray background: What a role does the extragalactic magnetic field play?
• The Evolution of AGN Activity in Brightest Cluster Galaxies
• Searching for the most distant blazars with the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
• XMM-Newton observation of a sample of four close dSph galaxies
• Selected Topics in Cosmic Ray Physics
• The growth of supermassive black holes fed by accretion disks
• A flexible method for estimating luminosity functions via Kernel Density Estimation
• Revisiting the Completeness and the Luminosity Function in High-Redshift Low-Luminosity Quasar Surveys
• Neural-network selection of high-redshift radio quasars, and the luminosity function at z~4
• A catalogue of faint local radio AGN and the properties of their host galaxies
• An XMM-Newton search for X-ray sources in the Fornax dwarf galaxy
• Astrophysics in 2006
• Evolution of luminosity function and obscuration of AGN: connecting X-ray and Infrared
• Galaxy kinematics in the XMMU J2235-2557 cluster field at z~1.4
• Linking X-ray AGN with dark matter halos: a model compatible with AGN luminosity function and large-scale clustering properties
• The Star Formation and Nuclear Accretion Histories of Normal Galaxies in the AGES Survey
• The XMM-Newton Wide Angle Survey (XWAS)
• Propagation of ultra high energy cosmic rays
• Environment from cross-correlations: connecting hot gas and the quenching of galaxies
• Characterization of AGN and their hosts in the Extended Groth Strip: a multiwavelength analysis
• Role of Feedback in AGN-HOST Coevolution: A Study from Partially Obscured Active Galactic Nuclei
• Insights Into AGN and Host Galaxy Co-evolution From Hard X-ray Emission
• Understanding AGN-host connection in partially obscured active galactic nuclei. Part III: Properties of ROSAT-selected SDSS AGNs
• Bimodal AGNs in Bimodal Galaxies
• Rolling down from the 30 keV peak: modelling the hard X-ray and gamma-ray backgrounds
• Clustering, Cosmology and a New Era of Black Hole Demographics -- II. The Conditional Luminosity Functions of Type 2 and Type 1 Active Galactic Nuclei
• The soft X-ray Cluster-AGN spatial cross-correlation function in the ROSAT-NEP survey
• On the Evolution of High-Redshift Active Galactic Nuclei
• Unveiling Gargantua: A new search strategy for the most massive central cluster black holes
• e-MERLIN observations at 5 GHz of the GOODS-N region: pinpointing AGN cores in high redshift galaxies
• Hard X-ray properties of radio-selected blazars
• eROSITA Final Equatorial-Depth Survey (eFEDS): eFEDS X-ray view of WERGS Radio Galaxies selected by the Subaru/HSC and VLA/FIRST survey
• Sub-Eddington super-massive black hole activity in Fornax early type galaxies
• Probing large-scale structure with large samples of X-ray selected AGN: I Baryonic acoustic oscillations
• The AGN fraction in high-redshift protocluster candidates selected by Planck and Herschel
• Fundamental properties of Fanaroff-Riley II radio galaxies investigated via Monte Carlo simulations
• Studying the ICM in clusters of galaxies via surface brightness fluctuations of the cosmic X-ray background
• SDSS AGNs with X-ray Emission from ROSAT PSPC Pointed Observations
• Euclid preparation. Observational expectations for redshift z<7 active galactic nuclei in the Euclid Wide and Deep surveys
• SCUBA-2 Ultra Deep Imaging EAO Survey (STUDIES). V. Confusion-limited Submillimeter Galaxy Number Counts at 450 $\mu$m and Data Release for the COSMOS Field
• Clustering, Cosmology and a New Era of Black Hole Demographics -- I. The Conditional Luminosity Function of Active Galactic Nuclei
• When did round disk galaxies form?
• A NuSTAR and XMM-Newton Study of the Two Most Actively Star-forming Green Pea Galaxies (SDSS J0749+3337 and SDSS J0822+2241)
• The X-ray Zurich Environmental Study (X-ZENS). I. Chandra and XMM-Newton observations of AGNs in galaxies in nearby groups
• An Optically Faint Quasar Survey at z~5 in the CFHTLS Wide Field: Estimates of the Black Hole Masses and Eddington Ratios
• Host Galaxies of Hard X-ray Selected Type-2 Active Galactic Nuclei at Intermediate Redshifts
• Ultra High Energy Neutrinos: Absorption, Thermal Effects and Signatures
• Chandra Observations of Six QSOs at z $\approx$ 3
• The miniJPAS & J-NEP surveys: Identification and characterization of the Ly$\alpha$ Emitter population and the Ly$\alpha$ Luminosity Function
• Detecting quasars at very high redshift with next generation X-ray telescopes
• The Co-Evolution of Galaxies and Black Holes: Current Status and Future Prospects
• The optical luminosity function of LOFAR radio-selected quasars at $1.4\le z\le 5.0$ in the NDWFS-Boötes field
• Measuring the Cosmic X-ray Background accurately
• The parallel lives of supermassive black holes and their host galaxies
• Spectroscopic characterization of the protocluster of galaxies around 7C 1756+6520 at z ~ 1.4
• The PAU Survey: The quasar UV and Ly$\alpha$ luminosity functions at $2.7<z<5.3$
• X-Ray Redshifts of Obscured Chandra Source Catalog AGN
• The Luminosity function of Narrow-Line Seyfert galaxies based on SDSS data
• Effects of large-scale magnetic fields on the observed composition of ultra high-energy cosmic rays
• Obscuration by Gas and Dust in Luminous Quasars
• Newly born extragalactic millisecond pulsars as efficient emitters of PeV neutrinos
• Supermassive black holes with higher Eddington ratios preferentially form in gas-rich galaxies
• The redshift distribution of the X-ray background
• Active Galactic Nuclei and their demography through cosmic time
• X-ray Sources in the SSA22 Chandra Field
• Systematic search for lensed X-ray sources in the CLASH fields
• Constraining the baryon loading factor of AGN jets: implication from the gamma-ray emission of the Coma cluster
• Forecasts for cosmological measurements based on the angular power spectra of AGN and clusters of galaxies in the SRG/eROSITA all-sky survey
• Fraction of the X-ray selected AGNs with optical emission lines in galaxy groups
• The X-ray-Infrared/Submillimetre Connection and the Legacy Era of Cosmology
• X-ray luminosity functions of different morphological and X-ray type AGN populations
• Diffuse flux of PeV neutrinos from centrifugally accelerated protons in active galactic nuclei
• X-Ray bright optically faint active galactic nuclei in the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam wide survey
• Obscured and unobscured X-ray AGNs I: Host galaxy properties
• Modeling the High-z Universe: Probing Galaxy Formation
• The Swift Serendipitous Survey in deep XRT GRB fields (SwiftFT) I. The X-ray catalog and number counts
• A New Method to Determine X-ray Luminosity Functions of AGN and their Evolution with Redshift
• BASS XXX: Distribution Functions of DR2 Eddington-ratios, Black Hole Masses, and X-ray Luminosities
• The Cosmogony of Super-Massive Black Holes
• Ultra high-energy cosmic rays from beyond the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuz'min horizon
• Ultra-luminous high-redshift quasars from SkyMapper -- II. New quasars and the bright end of the luminosity function
• High-Energy Neutrino Production in Clusters of Galaxies
• The Gamma-ray Luminosity Function of Flat-Spectrum Radio Quasars
• SRG/eROSITA-SDSS view on the relation between X-ray and UV emission for quasars
• The Sensitivity of PUEO to Cosmogenic Neutrinos and Exotic Physics Scenarios
• The Drivers of the Decline in Supermassive Black Hole Growth at $z<2$