AGN contamination of galaxy-cluster thermal X-ray emission: predictions for eRosita from cosmological simulations

Abstract

In this study, we present a modelling of the X-ray emission from the simulated SMBHs within the cosmological hydrodynamical Magneticum Pathfinder Simulation, in order to study the statistical properties of the resulting X-ray Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) population and their expected contribution to the X-ray flux from galaxy clusters. The simulations reproduce the evolution of the observed unabsorbed AGN bolometric luminosity functions (LFs) up to redshift z~2, consistently with previous works. Furthermore, we study the evolution of the LFs in the soft (SXR) and hard (HXR) X-ray bands by means of synthetic X-ray data generated with the PHOX simulator, that includes an observationally-motivated modelling of an instrinsic absorption component, mimicking the torus around the AGN. The reconstructed SXR and HXR AGN LFs present a remarkable agreement with observational data up to z~2 when an additional obscuration fraction for Compton-thick AGN is assumed, although a discrepancy still exists for the SXR LF at z=2.3. With this approach, we also generate full eROSITA mock observations to predict the level of contamination due to AGN of the intra-cluster medium (ICM) X-ray emission, which can affect cluster detection especially at high redshifts. We find that, at z~1-1.5, for 20-40% of the clusters with M500>3e13 Msun/h, the AGN counts in the observed SXR band exceed by more than a factor of 2 the counts from the whole ICM.

arXiv commentin press, MNRAS Main Journal

References in corpus (91)

• The cosmological simulation code GADGET-2
• A Fundamental Relation Between Supermassive Black Holes and Their Host Galaxies
• Coevolution (Or Not) of Supermassive Black Holes and Host Galaxies
• The Demography of Massive Dark Objects in Galaxy Centres
• The many lives of active galactic nuclei: cooling flows, black holes and the luminosities and colours of galaxies
• A Relationship Between Nuclear Black Hole Mass and Galaxy Velocity Dispersion
• Energy input from quasars regulates the growth and activity of black holes and their host galaxies
• Observational Evidence of AGN Feedback
• The slope of the black-hole mass versus velocity dispersion correlation
• Cosmological SPH simulations: A hybrid multi-phase model for star formation
• Modeling feedback from stars and black holes in galaxy mergers
• Collisional Plasma Models with APEC/APED: Emission Line Diagnostics of Hydrogen-like and Helium-like Ions
• X-ray spectral modelling of the AGN obscuring region in the CDFS: Bayesian model selection and catalogue
• Local Supermassive Black Holes, Relics of Active Galactic Nuclei and the X-ray Background
• Revisiting the Scaling Relations of Black Hole Masses and Host Galaxy Properties
• Cosmological Parameters from Observations of Galaxy Clusters
• An Observational Determination of the Bolometric Quasar Luminosity Function
• Cosmological Evolution of the Hard X-ray AGN Luminosity Function and the Origin of the Hard X-ray Background
• The effect of photo-ionization on the cooling rates of enriched, astrophysical plasmas
• Cosmological SPH simulations: The entropy equation
• What Shapes the Luminosity Function of Galaxies?
• A unified model for AGN feedback in cosmological simulations of structure formation
• The SDSS Quasar Survey: Quasar Luminosity Function from Data Release Three
• Cosmological simulations of the growth of supermassive black holes and feedback from active galactic nuclei: method and tests
• Supermassive Black Holes in Galactic Nuclei: Past, Present and Future Research
• Improving convergence in smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations without pairing instability
• Toward the Standard Population Synthesis Model of the X-Ray Background: Evolution of X-Ray Luminosity and Absorption Functions of Active Galactic Nuclei Including Compton-Thick Populations
• Chandra X-ray Observations of the Hydra A Cluster: An Interaction Between the Radio Source and the X-Ray-Emitting Gas
• The Illustris simulation: the evolving population of black holes across cosmic time
• Luminosity-dependent evolution of soft X-ray selected AGN: New Chandra and XMM-Newton surveys
• A deep Chandra observation of the Perseus cluster: shocks and ripples
• The 2dF QSO Redshift Survey - I. The Optical QSO Luminosity Function
• Direct cosmological simulations of the growth of black holes and galaxies
• X-ray Imaging Spectroscopy of Abell 1835
• X-ray Spectroscopy of Cooling Clusters
• The COMBO-17 Survey: Evolution of the Galaxy Luminosity Function from 25,000 Galaxies with 0.2<z<1.2
• Cosmological simulations of black hole growth: AGN luminosities and downsizing
• The HELLAS2XMM survey. VII. The hard X-ray luminosity function of AGN up to z=4: more absorbed AGN at low luminosities and high redshifts
• Absorption Properties and Evolution of Active Galactic Nuclei
• Chemical enrichment of galaxy clusters from hydrodynamical simulations
• Turbulent gas motions in galaxy cluster simulations: The role of SPH viscosity
• The evolution of the hard X-ray luminosity function of AGN
• The incidence of obscuration in active galactic nuclei
• A synthesis model for AGN evolution: supermassive black holes growth and feedback modes
• A High Resolution Study of the Hydra A Cluster with Chandra: Comparison of the Core Mass Distribution with Theoretical Predictions and Evidence for Feedback in the Cooling Flow
• Obscuration-dependent evolution of Active Galactic Nuclei
• The Luminosity Function of X-ray Selected Active Galactic Nuclei: Evolution of Supermassive Black Holes at High Redshift
• The case for AGN feedback in galaxy groups
• Simulating the effect of AGN feedback on the metal enrichment of galaxy clusters
• Cold flows and the first quasars
• The luminosity dependence of the Type 1 AGN fraction
• Supermassive Black Holes in Elliptical Galaxies: Switching from Very Bright to Very Dim
• The 2dF-SDSS LRG and QSO Survey: the QSO luminosity function at 0.4<z<2.6
• Gas expulsion by quasar-driven winds as a solution to the over-cooling problem in galaxy groups and clusters
• Cool Core Clusters from Cosmological Simulations
• A refined sub-grid model for black hole accretion and AGN feedback in large cosmological simulations
• The X-ray cluster survey with eROSITA: forecasts for cosmology, cluster physics and primordial non-Gaussianity
• An MHD Gadget for cosmological simulations
• Faint high-redshift AGN in the Chandra Deep Field South: the evolution of the AGN luminosity function and black hole demography
• Thermal Conduction in Simulated Galaxy Clusters
• Evidence for AGN Feedback in Galaxy Clusters and Groups
• The VVDS type-1 AGN sample: The faint end of the luminosity function
• Observations of Seyferts by OSSE and parameters of their X-ray/gamma-ray sources
• Cooling and heating the ICM in hydrodynamical simulations
• Origin and properties of dual and offset active galactic nuclei in a cosmological simulation at z=2
• An Observationally Motivated Framework for AGN Heating of Cluster Cores
• Investigating the velocity structure and X-ray observable properties of simulated galaxy clusters with PHOX
• The Evolution in the Faint-End Slope of the Quasar Luminosity Function
• The uniformity and time-invariance of the intra-cluster metal distribution in galaxy clusters from the IllustrisTNG simulations
• Pressure of the hot gas in simulations of galaxy clusters
• X-ray spectral analyses of AGNs from the 7Ms Chandra Deep Field-South survey: the distribution, variability, and evolution of AGN's obscuration
• The history of chemical enrichment in the intracluster medium from cosmological simulations
• The Mid-IR and X-ray Selected QSO Luminosity Function
• Rhapsody-G simulations I: the cool cores, hot gas and stellar content of massive galaxy clusters
• Physical properties of simulated galaxy populations at z=2 - I. Effect of metal-line cooling and feedback from star formation and AGN
• A deep ROSAT survey - IV. The evolution of X-ray-selected QSOs
• Towards an understanding of the evolution of the scaling relations for supermassive black holes
• How does our choice of observable influence our estimation of the centre of a galaxy cluster? Insights from cosmological simulations
• The 5 - 10 keV AGN luminosity function at 0.01<z<4.0
• Observing simulated galaxy clusters with PHOX: a novel X-ray photon simulator
• Kinetic or thermal AGN feedback in simulations of isolated and merging disk galaxies calibrated by the M-sigma relation
• The MUSIC of Galaxy Clusters II: X-ray global properties and scaling relations
• Faint-end Quasar Luminosity Functions from Cosmological Hydrodynamic Simulations
• Effects Of Circum-nuclear Disk Gas Evolution And The Spin Of Central Black Holes
• Quasar Clustering in Cosmological Hydrodynamic Simulations: Evidence for mergers
• The Luminosity Function Evolution of Soft X--ray selected AGN in the RIXOS survey
• The Number Density of Intermediate and High Luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei at z~2-3
• RHAPSODY-G simulations II - Baryonic growth and metal enrichment in massive galaxy clusters
• The 2-10 keV unabsorbed luminosity function of AGN from the XMM-Newton LSS, CDFS and COSMOS surveys
• The role of the artificial conductivity in SPH simulations of galaxy clusters: effects on the ICM properties
• Hiding in Plain Sight - Recovering Clusters of Galaxies with the Strongest AGN in Their Cores

Cited by in corpus (45)

• Gone after one orbit: How cluster environments quench galaxies
• Simulating Groups and the IntraGroup Medium: The Surprisingly Complex and Rich Middle Ground Between Clusters and Galaxies
• The Abell 3391/95 galaxy cluster system: A 15 Mpc intergalactic medium emission filament, a warm gas bridge, infalling matter clumps, and (re-) accelerated plasma discovered by combining SRG/eROSITA data with ASKAP/EMU and DECam data
• A New RASS Galaxy Cluster Catalog with Low Contamination Extending to $z\sim 1$ in the DES Overlap Region
• The Non-Uniformity of Galaxy Cluster Metallicity Profiles
• Active Galactic Nuclei and their Large-scale Structure: an eROSITA mock catalogue
• The eROSITA Final Equatorial-Depth Survey (eFEDS): Galaxy Clusters and Groups in Disguise
• Full-sky photon simulation of clusters and active galactic nuclei in the soft X-rays for eROSITA
• Offset between X-ray and optical centers in clusters of galaxies: connecting eROSITA data and simulations
• Accreted or Not Accreted? The Fraction of Accreted Mass in Galaxies from Simulations and Observations
• The eROSITA view of the Abell 3391/95 field: a case study from the Magneticum cosmological simulation
• The hot circumgalactic medium in the eROSITA All-Sky Survey II. Scaling relations between X-ray luminosity and galaxies' mass
• Simulating the LOcal Web (SLOW): I. Anomalies in the local density field
• Mapping "out-of-the-box" the properties of the baryons in massive halos
• Cosmology dependence of galaxy cluster scaling relations
• On the redshift evolution of the baryon and gas fraction in simulated groups and clusters of galaxies
• Decomposition of galactic X-ray emission with Phox: Contributions from hot gas and XRBs
• Detecting Galaxy Groups and AGNs populating the local Universe in the eROSITA era
• The SRG/eROSITA All-Sky Survey : Constraints on the structure growth from cluster number counts
• High-redshift galaxy groups as seen by Athena/WFI
• The Hateful Eight: Connecting Massive Substructures in Galaxy Clusters like Abell 2744 to their Dynamical Assembly State using the Magneticum Simulations
• Benchmarks and Explanations for Deep Learning Estimates of X-ray Galaxy Cluster Masses
• Detecting clusters and groups of galaxies populating the local Universe in large optical spectroscopic surveys
• Hydrostatic Mass Profiles of Galaxy Clusters in the eROSITA Survey
• Environmental dependence of AGN activity and star formation in galaxy clusters from Magneticum simulations
• The impact of assembly history on the X-ray detectability of halos. From galaxy groups to galaxy clusters
• Painting baryons onto N-body simulations of galaxy clusters with image-to-image deep learning
• The hot gas mass fraction in halos. From Milky Way-like groups to massive clusters
• Average X-ray properties of galaxy groups. From Milky Way-like halos to massive clusters
• Quantifying Observational Projection Effects with a Simulation-based hot CGM model
• Introducing constrained matched filters for improved separation of point sources from galaxy clusters
• How the cool-core population transitions from galaxy groups to massive clusters: A comparison of the largest Magneticum simulation with eROSITA, XMM-Newton, Chandra and LOFAR observations
• Radial X-ray profiles of simulated galaxies: Contributions from hot gas and XRBs
• The perils of stacking optically selected groups in eROSITA data. The Magneticum perspective
• Toward the low-scatter selection of X-ray clusters: Galaxy cluster detection with eROSITA through cluster outskirts
• The XXL Survey: XXXIII. Chandra Constraints on the AGN Contamination of z > 1 XXL Galaxy Clusters
• The XXL Survey L. Active galactic nucleus contamination in galaxy clusters: Detection and cosmological impact
• Cross-correlation between soft X-rays and galaxies A new benchmark for galaxy evolution models
• Scaling relations of clusters and groups, and their evolution
• A Machine Learning Approach to Enhancing eROSITA Observations
• Retrieving the hot circumgalactic medium physics from the X-ray radial profile from eROSITA with an IlustrisTNG-based forward model
• The eROSITA view on the halo mass-temperature relation: From low-mass groups to massive clusters
• Average energy of the X-ray spectrum as a model-independent proxy for the mass of galaxy clusters
• Turbulence in Simulated Local Cluster Analogs: One-to-one comparisons between SLOW and XRISM/Hitomi
• Simulated X-ray Emission in Galaxy Clusters with Feedback from Active Galactic Nuclei