Absorption Properties and Evolution of Active Galactic Nuclei

Abstract

Intrinsic absorption is a fundamental physical property to understand the evolution of active galactic nuclei (AGN). Here a sample of 1290 AGN, selected in the 2-10 keV band from different flux-limited surveys with very high optical identification completeness is studied. The AGN are grouped into two classes, unabsorbed (type-1) and absorbed (type-2), depending on their optical spectroscopic classification and X-ray absorption properties, using hardness ratios. Utilizing the optical to X-ray flux ratios, a rough correction for the ~8% redshift incompleteness still present in the sample is applied. A strong decrease of the absorbed fraction with X-ray luminosity is found. This can be represented by an almost linear decrease from ~80% to ~20% in the luminosity range log L_X=42-46 and is consistent with similar derivations in the optical and MIR bands. A significant increase of the absorbed fraction with redshift is found, which can be described by a power law with a slope ~(1+z)^{0.62+/-0.11}, saturating at a redshift of z~2. A simple power law fit ~(1+z)^{0.48+/-0.08} over the whole redshift is also marginally consistent with the data. The variation of the AGN absorption with luminosity and redshift is described with higher statistical accuracy and smaller systematic errors than previous results. The findings have important consequences for the broader context of AGN and galaxy co-evolution. Here it is proposed that the cosmic downsizing in the AGN population is due to two different feeding mechanisms: a fast process of merger driven accretion at high luminosities and high redshifts versus a slow process of gas accretion from gravitational instabilities in galactic disks rebuilding around pre-formed bulges and black holes.

18 pages, 11 figures, A&A (in press)

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• The Cosmic History of Black Hole Growth from Deep Multiwavelength Surveys
• The Evolution and Environments of X-ray Emitting Active Galactic Nuclei in High-Redshift Large-Scale Structures
• Unshifted Metastable He I* Mini-Broad Absorption Line System in the Narrow Line Type 1 Quasar SDSS J080248.18$+$551328.9
• Suzaku observations of the type 2 QSO in the central galaxy of the Phoenix cluster
• The Assembly of Black Hole Mass and Luminosity Functions of High-redshift Quasars via Multiple Accretion Episodes
• The SPLASH and Chandra COSMOS Legacy Survey: the Cross Power Between Near-Infrared and X-Ray Background Fluctuations
• Suzaku View of the Swift/BAT Active Galactic Nuclei. V. Torus Structure of Two Luminous Radio-loud AGNs (3C 206 and PKS 0707-35)
• Quasi-stellar objects in the ALHAMBRA survey. I. Photometric redshift accuracy based on a 23 optical-NIR filter photometry
• Optical and infrared properties of active galactic nuclei in the Lockman Hole
• Analysis of Spitzer-IRS spectra of hyperluminous infrared galaxies
• The evolution of dusty torus covering factor in quasars
• Faint COSMOS AGN at z~3.3 - I. Black Hole Properties and Constraints on Early Black Hole Growth
• The X-ray and radio activity of typical and luminous Lya emitters from z~2 to z~6: evidence for a diverse, evolving population
• AGN dust tori: the X-ray-infrared connection
• A Joint Model of the X-ray And Infrared Extragalactic Backgrounds: I. Model Construction And First Results
• Genuine Retrieval of the AGN Host Stellar Population (GRAHSP)
• The Obscured Fraction of Quasars at Cosmic Noon
• Anisotropic infall in the outskirts of OmegaWINGS galaxy clusters
• The XMM deep survey in the CDFS XI. X-ray properties of 185 bright sources
• Mapping the ionised gas around the luminous QSO HE 1029-1401: Evidence for minor merger events?
• Nowhere to Hide: Radio-faint AGN in the GOODS-N field. II. Multi-wavelength AGN selection techniques and host galaxy properties
• Mildly obscured active galaxies and the cosmic X-ray background
• Accretion History of AGN III: Radiative Efficiency and AGN Contribution to Reionization
• Beyond Simple AGN Unification with Chandra-observed 3CRR Sources
• Accretion properties of X-ray AGN: Evidence for radiation-regulated obscuration with redshift-dependent host galaxy contribution
• Environmental effects on the growth of super massive black holes and AGN feedback
• Effects of environment on sSFR profiles of late-type galaxies in the CALIFA survey
• Properties of the Obscuring Torus in NGC 1052 from Multi-epoch Broadband X-ray Spectroscopy
• The XXL Survey XIX. A realistic population of simulated X-ray AGN: Comparison of models with observations
• Origins Space Telescope: predictions for far-IR spectroscopic surveys
• The Effect of Partial Obscuration on the Luminosity Dependence of the Obscured Fraction in Active Galactic Nuclei
• The dependency of AGN infrared color-selection on source luminosity and obscuration: An observational perspective in CDFS and COSMOS
• Mrk 1239: a Type-2 Counterpart of Narrow-line Seyfert-1?
• A Diverse Population of z ~ 2 ULIRGs Revealed by JWST Imaging
• Green valley galaxies in the cosmic web: internal versus environmental quenching
• The Contribution of Active Galactic Nuclei to the Microjansky Radio Population
• Inclination-Dependent AGN Flux Profiles From Strong Lensing of the Kerr Space-Time
• Do current X-ray observations capture most of the black-hole accretion at high redshifts?
• Episodic activities of supermassive black holes at redshift $z\le 2$: driven by mergers?
• Viewing angle observations and effects of evolution with redshift, black hole mass, and Eddington ratio in quasar based cosmology
• Evolution of luminosity function and obscuration of AGN: connecting X-ray and Infrared
• Clustering, Cosmology and a New Era of Black Hole Demographics -- II. The Conditional Luminosity Functions of Type 2 and Type 1 Active Galactic Nuclei
• On the Evolution of High-Redshift Active Galactic Nuclei
• Suzaku X-ray spectral study of the Compton-thick Seyfert galaxy NGC 5135
• Type 1 Active Galactic Nucleus Fraction in SDSS/FIRST Survey
• On the X-ray low- and high-velocity outflows in AGNs
• Backsplash galaxies and their impact on galaxy evolution: a three-stage, four-type perspective
• The Impact of Dust in Host Galaxies on Quasar Luminosity Functions
• Resolving galactic-scale obscuration of X-ray AGN at $z\gtrsim 1$ with COSMOS-Web
• The Young, the Old, and the Dusty: Stellar Populations of AGN Hosts
• A Fresh Look at AGN Spectral Energy Distribution Fitting with the XMM-SERVS AGN Sample
• X-ray properties of K-selected galaxies at 0.5<z<2.0: Investigating trends with stellar mass, redshift and spectral type
• Multiple giant eruptions and X-ray emission in the recoiling AGN/LBV candidate SDSS1133
• Probing the roles of orientation and multi-scale gas distributions in shaping the obscuration of Active Galactic Nuclei through cosmic time
• BASS. XLIX. Characterization of highly luminous and obscured AGNs: local X-ray and [NeV]$\lambda$3426 emission in comparison with the high-redshift Universe
• Properties and Expected Number Counts of Active Galactic Nuclei and their Hosts in the Far Infrared
• Euclid preparation. Observational expectations for redshift z<7 active galactic nuclei in the Euclid Wide and Deep surveys
• MaNGA AGN dwarf galaxies (MAD) -- II. AGN outflows in dwarf galaxies
• Galactic interaction as the trigger for the young radio galaxy MRC B1221-423
• Modeling the Vertical Structure of Nuclear Starburst Discs: A Possible Source of AGN Obscuration at $z\sim 1$
• SkyMapper colours of Seyfert galaxies and Changing-Look AGN
• Infrared spectroscopic confirmation of z~2 photometrically-selected obscured quasars
• Radio stacking reveals evidence for star formation in the host galaxies of X-ray selected active galactic nuclei at z<1
• On the Structure of the AGN Torus through the Fraction of Optically-Selected Type 1 AGNs
• The near-infrared SED of blue quasars: what drives the evolution of the dusty torus?
• The Shape of the Cosmic X-ray Background: Nuclear Starburst Discs and the Redshift Evolution of AGN Obscuration
• Effects of environment on stellar metallicity profiles of late-type galaxies in the CALIFA survey
• Inferring Compton-thick AGN candidates at z>2 with Chandra using the >8 keV restframe spectral curvature
• Euclid preparation. Optical emission-line predictions of intermediate-z galaxy populations in GAEA for the Euclid Deep and Wide Surveys
• Large-scale clustering of buried X-ray AGN: Trends in AGN obscuration and redshift evolution
• Machine learning applications for the study of AGN physical properties using photometric observations
• Active Galactic Nuclei in the Green Valley at z$\sim$0.7
• X-Ray Redshifts of Obscured Chandra Source Catalog AGN
• Predictions for surveys with the SPICA Mid-infrared Instrument
• Retrieving the hot circumgalactic medium physics from the X-ray radial profile from eROSITA with an IlustrisTNG-based forward model
• Quenching vs. Quiescence: forming realistic massive ellipticals with a simple starvation model
• X-ray view of four high-luminosity Swift/BAT AGN: Unveiling obscuration and reflection with Suzaku
• Active Galactic Nuclei and their demography through cosmic time
• Dust sub-millimetre emission in green valley galaxies
• Reconstructing AGN X-ray spectral parameter distributions with Bayesian methods II: Population inference
• Point source contribution to the Diffuse X-ray Background below 1 keV and its effect on our understanding of the circum-galactic medium
• Automated algorithms to build Active Galactic Nuclei classifiers
• Gas excitation in galaxies and active galactic nuclei with He IIλ4686 and X-ray emission
• X-ray stacking reveals average SMBH accretion properties of star-forming galaxies and their cosmic evolution over 4 <~ z <~ 7
• BASS XLV: Quantifying AGN Selection Effects in the Chandra COSMOS-Legacy Survey with BASS
• A High-resolution Far-infrared Survey to Probe Black Hole-Galaxy Co-evolution
• X-ray luminosity functions of different morphological and X-ray type AGN populations
• Self-consistent population synthesis of AGN from observational constraints in the X-rays
• Optical Counterparts to X-ray sources in LSST DP1
• The impact of black hole feedback on the UV luminosity and stellar mass assembly of high-redshift galaxies
• The ROSAT Raster Survey in the North-Ecliptic Pole Field: X-ray Catalogue and Optical Identifications
• Probing Quasar Viewing Angle with the Variability Structure Function
• Clustering and physical properties of AGN and Star-Forming Galaxies at fixed stellar mass: does assembly bias have a role in AGN activity?
• The impact of selection criteria on the properties of green valley galaxies
• Selection of Compton-thick AGN from a hard photometric sample using XMM-Newton observations
• A broadband X-ray study of a sample of AGNs with [OIII] measured inclinations