Obscuring fraction of active galactic nuclei implied by supernova and radiative feedbacks

Abstract

We study the obscuring structure of circumnuclear disks (CNDs) by considering supernova (SN) feedbacks from nuclear starburst and the effect of anisotropic radiative pressure from AGNs. We suppose that the mass accretion onto a central supermassive black hole (SMBH) is triggered by SN-driven turbulence within CNDs, and we explore how the structures of CNDs depend on the BH mass ($M_{\mathrm{BH}}$) and AGN luminosity ($L_{\mathrm{AGN}}$). We find that the obscuring fraction ($f_{\mathrm{obs}}$) peaks at $\sim 10\%$ of the Eddington luminosity ($L_{\mathrm{Edd}}$), and its maximal value is $f_{\mathrm{obs}}\sim 0.6$ for less massive SMBHs (e.g., $M_{\mathrm{BH}}<10^8{M}_{\odot }$). This is because the scale height of CNDs is determined by the SN-driven accretion for a smaller $L_{\mathrm{AGN}}$, while the dusty molecular gas in CNDs is blown away by the radiation pressure from AGNs beyond the critical luminosity. On the other hand, for massive SMBHs (e.g., $M_{\mathrm{BH}}>10^8{M}_{\odot }$), $f_{\mathrm{obs}}$ is always smaller than $0.2$, and it is almost independent of $L_{\mathrm{AGN}}$ because the scale height of CNDs is mainly controlled by the maximal star-formation efficiency ($C_{\ast ,\max }$) in CNDs. By comparison with the obscuring fractions suggested from the mid-infrared observations of nearby AGNs, the SN plus radiative feedback model with $C_{\ast ,\max }=10^{-7}{\mathrm{yr}}^{-1}$ well reproduces the observations for $M_{\mathrm{BH}}=10^8{M}_{\odot }$. We also find that the intense starburst or the existence of dust-free absorbers inside CNDs are necessary, to explain X-ray observations.

17 pages, 11 figures, Accepted for publication in ApJ

References in corpus (35)

• Toward the Standard Population Synthesis Model of the X-Ray Background: Evolution of X-Ray Luminosity and Absorption Functions of Active Galactic Nuclei Including Compton-Thick Populations
• A Close Look at Star Formation around Active Galactic Nuclei
• The Atomic to Molecular Transition in Galaxies. II: HI and H_2 Column Densities
• Absorption Properties and Evolution of Active Galactic Nuclei
• The close environments of accreting massive black holes are shaped by radiative feedback
• BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey I: Spectral Measurements, Derived Quantities, and AGN Demographics
• Obscuration-dependent evolution of Active Galactic Nuclei
• Dust covering factor, silicate emission and star formation in luminous QSOs
• Resolving the obscuring torus in NGC 1068 with the power of infrared interferometry: Revealing the inner funnel of dust
• Half of the Most Luminous Quasars May Be Obscured: Investigating the Nature of WISE-Selected Hot, Dust-Obscured Galaxies
• Dust inflated accretion disc as the origin of the Broad Line Region in Active Galactic Nuclei
• Fueling AGN II: Spatially Resolved Molecular Inflows and Outflows
• High-Velocity Bipolar Molecular Emission from an AGN Torus
• ALMA Imaging of HCN, CS and dust in Arp 220 and NGC 6240
• Nuclear 11.3$\mu$m PAH emission in local active galactic nuclei
• Multi-phase Nature of a Radiation-Driven Fountain with Nuclear Starburst in a Low-mass Active Galactic Nucleus
• Coevolution of Supermassive Black Holes and Circumnuclear Disks
• On the difference of torus geometry between hidden and non-hidden broad line active galactic nuclei
• The Complete Infrared View of Active Galactic Nuclei from the 70-month Swift/BAT Catalog
• Probing the near infrared stellar population of Seyfert galaxies
• Iron K$\alpha$ emission in type-I and type-II Active Galactic Nuclei
• Galaxy gas as obscurer: II. Separating the galaxy-scale and nuclear obscurers of Active Galactic Nuclei
• A survey of luminous high-redshift quasars with SDSS and WISE II. the bright end of the quasar luminosity function at z ~ 5
• Luminosity and Redshift Dependence of the Covering Factor of AGNs viewed with WISE and SDSS
• The first detection of near-infrared CN bands in active galactic nuclei: signature of star formation
• Line-driven disk wind model for ultra-fast outflows in active galactic nuclei -- Scaling with luminosity
• Star formation efficiency in the Barred Spiral Galaxy NGC 4303
• Starbursts and torus evolution in AGN
• Compton Thick AGN in the 70 Month Swift-BAT All-Sky Hard X-ray Survey: a Bayesian approach
• Probing the Active Galactic Nuclei Unified Model Torus Properties in Seyfert Galaxies
• Geometrically thick obscuration by radiation-driven outflow from magnetized tori of active galactic nuclei
• On the evolution of gas clouds exposed to AGN radiation. I. Three-dimensional radiation hydrodynamic simulations
• Anti-hierarchical evolution of the Active Galactic Nucleus space density in a hierarchical universe
• Star formation in AGNs at the hundred parsec scale using MIR high resolution images
• Outflows, Inflows and Young Stars in the inner 200 pc of the Seyfert galaxy NGC 2110

Cited by in corpus (12)

• AGN Feedback and Star Formation of Quasar Host Galaxies: Insights from the Molecular Gas
• BASS XXXVII: The role of radiative feedback in the growth and obscuration properties of nearby supermassive black holes
• NuSTAR Observations of 52 Compton-thick Active Galactic Nuclei Selected by the Swift/BAT All-sky Hard X-Ray Survey
• Radiation hydrodynamics models of Active Galactic Nuclei: Beyond the central parsec
• Application of X-Ray Clumpy Torus Model (XCLUMPY) to 10 Obscured Active Galactic Nuclei Observed with Suzaku and NuSTAR
• The need for obscured supermassive black hole growth to explain quasar proximity zones in the epoch of reionization
• Constraints on Circumnuclear Disk through Free-Free Absorption in the Nucleus of 3C 84 with KaVA and KVN at 43 and 86 GHz
• WISDOM Project XII. Clump properties and turbulence regulated by clump-clump collisions in the dwarf galaxy NGC404
• Dust Dynamics in AGN Winds: A New Mechanism For Multiwavelength AGN Variability
• Extremely Buried Nucleus of IRAS 17208$-$0014 Observed at Sub-Millimeter and Near-Infrared Wavelengths
• Diffuse Synchrotron Emission Associated with the Starburst in the Circumnuclear Disk of NGC 1275
• A physically-motivated template set for high-z galaxy SED fitting