Obscuration-dependent evolution of Active Galactic Nuclei

Abstract

We aim to constrain the evolution of AGN as a function of obscuration using an X-ray selected sample of $\sim 2000$ AGN from a multi-tiered survey including the CDFS, AEGIS-XD, COSMOS and XMM-XXL fields. The spectra of individual X-ray sources are analysed using a Bayesian methodology with a physically realistic model to infer the posterior distribution of the hydrogen column density and intrinsic X-ray luminosity. We develop a novel non-parametric method which allows us to robustly infer the distribution of the AGN population in X-ray luminosity, redshift and obscuring column density, relying only on minimal smoothness assumptions. Our analysis properly incorporates uncertainties from low count spectra, photometric redshift measurements, association incompleteness and the limited sample size. We find that obscured AGN with $N_H>10^{22}\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{-2}$ account for ${77}_{-5}^{+4}\%$ of the number density and luminosity density of the accretion SMBH population with $L_{\mathrm{X}}>10^{43}\text{ erg/s}$, averaged over cosmic time. Compton-thick AGN account for approximately half the number and luminosity density of the obscured population, and ${38}_{-7}^{+8}\%$ of the total. We also find evidence that the evolution is obscuration-dependent, with the strongest evolution around $N_H\approx 10^{23}{\text{ cm}}^{-2}$. We highlight this by measuring the obscured fraction in Compton-thin AGN, which increases towards $z\sim 3$, where it is $25\%$ higher than the local value. In contrast the fraction of Compton-thick AGN is consistent with being constant at $\approx 35\%$, independent of redshift and accretion luminosity. We discuss our findings in the context of existing models and conclude that the observed evolution is to first order a side-effect of anti-hierarchical growth.

Published in ApJ

References in corpus (127)

• The Sloan Digital Sky Survey: Technical Summary
• A Fundamental Relation Between Supermassive Black Holes and Their Host Galaxies
• Coevolution (Or Not) of Supermassive Black Holes and Host Galaxies
• The Demography of Massive Dark Objects in Galaxy Centres
• The Leiden/Argentine/Bonn (LAB) Survey of Galactic HI: Final data release of the combined LDS and IAR surveys with improved stray-radiation corrections
• A Relationship Between Nuclear Black Hole Mass and Galaxy Velocity Dispersion
• The slope of the black-hole mass versus velocity dispersion correlation
• The 2.5 m Telescope of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• The European Photon Imaging Camera on XMM-Newton: The MOS Cameras
• SDSS-III: Massive Spectroscopic Surveys of the Distant Universe, the Milky Way Galaxy, and Extra-Solar Planetary Systems
• The Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey of SDSS-III
• The Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS) -- Overview
• A Unified, Merger-Driven Model for the Origin of Starbursts, Quasars, the Cosmic X-Ray Background, Supermassive Black Holes and Galaxy Spheroids
• The No-U-Turn Sampler: Adaptively Setting Path Lengths in Hamiltonian Monte Carlo
• Accurate photometric redshifts for the CFHT Legacy Survey calibrated using the VIMOS VLT Deep Survey
• X-ray spectral modelling of the AGN obscuring region in the CDFS: Bayesian model selection and catalogue
• The Eighth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: First Data from SDSS-III
• COSMOS Photometric Redshifts with 30-bands for 2-deg2
• A Semi-Analytic Model for the Co-evolution of Galaxies, Black Holes, and Active Galactic Nuclei
• Cosmological Evolution of the Hard X-ray AGN Luminosity Function and the Origin of the Hard X-ray Background
• The Multi-Object, Fiber-Fed Spectrographs for SDSS and the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey
• PHIBSS: molecular gas content and scaling relations in z~1-3 normal star forming galaxies
• The synthesis of the cosmic X-ray background in the Chandra and XMM-Newton era
• Supermassive Black Holes in Galactic Nuclei: Past, Present and Future Research
• AGN Dusty Tori: II. Observational Implications of Clumpiness
• Black Holes, Galaxy Formation, and the M_BH-sigma Relation
• The First Release COSMOS Optical and Near-IR Data and Catalog
• The obscured growth of massive black holes
• Toward the Standard Population Synthesis Model of the X-Ray Background: Evolution of X-Ray Luminosity and Absorption Functions of Active Galactic Nuclei Including Compton-Thick Populations
• Spectral Classification and Redshift Measurement for the SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey
• Luminosity-dependent evolution of soft X-ray selected AGN: New Chandra and XMM-Newton surveys
• The Spitzer Legacy Survey of the HST-ACS 2 sq. deg. COSMOS Field: survey strategy and first analysis
• An XMM-Newton survey of broad iron lines in Seyfert galaxies
• The stellar mass assembly of galaxies from z=0 to z=4. Analysis of a sample selected in the rest-frame near-infrared with Spitzer
• The All-wavelength Extended Groth Strip International Survey (AEGIS) Data Sets
• The Chandra Deep Field-South Survey: 4 Ms Source Catalogs
• The distribution of absorbing column densities among Seyfert 2 galaxies
• CANDELS Multi-wavelength Catalogs: Source Detection and Photometry in the GOODS-South Field
• The AGN Obscuring Torus -- End of the "Doughnut" Paradigm?
• Rapid formation of exponential disks and bulges at high redshift from the dynamical evolution of clump cluster and chain galaxies
• Can Minor Merging Account for the Size Growth of Quiescent Galaxies? New Results from the CANDELS Survey
• The Chandra COSMOS Survey, I: Overview and Point Source Catalog
• The HELLAS2XMM survey. VII. The hard X-ray luminosity function of AGN up to z=4: more absorbed AGN at low luminosities and high redshifts
• The Hot and Energetic Universe: A White Paper presenting the science theme motivating the Athena+ mission
• X-ray spectral properties of AGN in the Chandra Deep Field South
• Photometric redshift and classification for the XMM-COSMOS sources
• Absorption Properties and Evolution of Active Galactic Nuclei
• Cooling flows and quasars: II. Detailed models of feedback modulated accretion flows
• The evolution of the hard X-ray luminosity function of AGN
• On the X-ray, optical emission line and black hole mass properties of local Seyfert galaxies
• Three years Swift-BAT Survey of AGN: reconciling theory and observations?
• The Space Density of Compton Thick AGN and the X-ray Background
• An XMM-Newton spectral survey of 12 micron selected galaxies. I. X-ray data
• A synthesis model for AGN evolution: supermassive black holes growth and feedback modes
• Innovations in the Analysis of Chandra-ACIS Observations
• The Luminosity Function of X-ray Selected Active Galactic Nuclei: Evolution of Supermassive Black Holes at High Redshift
• Cooling flows and quasars: different aspects of the same phenomenon? I. Concepts
• The Relation Between Quasar and Merging Galaxy Luminosity Functions and the Merger-Induced Star Formation Rate of the Universe
• Dissecting Photometric redshift for Active Galactic Nuclei using XMM- and Chandra-COSMOS samples
• The Multiwavelength Survey by Yale-Chile (MUSYC): Deep Medium-Band optical imaging and high quality 32-band photometric redshifts in the ECDF-S
• The mass density in black holes inferred from the X-ray background
• The luminosity dependence of the Type 1 AGN fraction
• The COSMOS-WIRCam near-infrared imaging survey: I: BzK selected passive and star forming galaxy candidates at z>1.4
• The Chandra COSMOS Survey: III. Optical and Infrared Identification of X-ray Point Sources
• Unveiling obscured accretion in the Chandra Deep Field South
• A Classic Type 2 QSO
• X-ray Spectral Survey with XMM--Newton of a Complete Sample of Nearby Seyfert Galaxies
• Chasing highly obscured QSOs in the COSMOS field
• Enhanced star formation rates in AGN hosts with respect to inactive galaxies from PEP-Herschel observations
• AEGIS-X: The Chandra Deep Survey of the Extended Groth Strip
• On the Disappearance of the Broad-Line Region in Low-Luminosity Agns
• The evolution of AGN across cosmic time: what is downsizing?
• The DEEP3 Galaxy Redshift Survey: The Impact of Environment on the Size Evolution of Massive Early-type Galaxies at Intermediate Redshift
• The anti-hierarchical growth of supermassive black holes
• Radiation-driven Fountain and Origin of Torus around Active Galactic Nuclei
• Obscured AGN and the X-ray, Optical and Far-Infrared Number Counts of AGN in the GOODS Fields
• A new method for determining the sensitivity of X-ray imaging observations and the X-ray number counts
• CANDELS/GOODS-S, CDFS, ECDFS: Photometric Redshifts For Normal and for X-Ray-Detected Galaxies
• AEGIS: The Clustering of X-ray AGN Relative to Galaxies at z~1
• The Obscured Fraction of AGN in the XMM-COSMOS Survey: A Spectral Energy Distribution Perspective
• The COSMOS AGN Spectroscopic Survey I: XMM Counterparts
• The XMM Deep survey in the CDFS I. First results on heavily obscured AGN
• Luminosity-Dependent Quasar Lifetimes: A New Interpretation of the Quasar Luminosity Function
• Probabilistic Cross-Identification of Astronomical Sources
• AGN dust tori at low and high luminosities
• Constraining the fraction of Compton-thick AGN in the Universe by modelling the diffuse X-ray background spectrum
• UV-to-FIR analysis of Spitzer/IRAC sources in the Extended Groth Strip II: Photometric redshifts, Stellar masses and Star formation rates
• Uv-to-fir analysis of spitzer/irac sources in the extended groth strip i: Multi-wavelength photometry and spectral energy distributions
• The Origins of AGN Obscuration: The 'Torus' as a Dynamical, Unstable Driver of Accretion
• A deep Chandra observation of the Groth Strip. I. The X-ray data
• The DEEP3 Galaxy Redshift Survey: Keck/DEIMOS Spectroscopy in the GOODS-N Field
• The Taiwan ECDFS Near-Infrared Survey: Ultra-deep J and Ks Imaging in the Extended Chandra Deep Field-South
• Accounting for Source Uncertainties in Analyses of Astronomical Survey Data
• XMM and Chandra measurements of the AGN intrinsic absorption: dependence on luminosity and redshift
• Compton thick active galactic nuclei in Chandra surveys
• The evolution of the Compton thick fraction and the nature of obscuration for AGN in the Chandra Deep Field South
• The XMM-Newton Serendipitous Survey. VI. The X-ray Luminosity Function
• The X-ray to [Ne V]3426 flux ratio: discovering heavily obscured AGN in the distant Universe
• The Hard X-Ray Luminosity Function of High-Redshift ($3<z\lesssim 5$) Active Galactic Nuclei
• The NuSTAR Extragalactic Survey: A First Sensitive Look at the High-Energy Cosmic X-ray Background Population
• Compton Thick AGN in the XMM-COSMOS survey
• The Population of High Redshift AGNs in the Chandra COSMOS survey
• Galaxy formation in semi-analytic models and cosmological hydrodynamic zoom simulations
• An XMM-Newton spectral survey of 12 micron selected galaxies. II. Implications for AGN selection and unification
• X-ray properties of the Northern Galactic Cap AGNs in the 58-month Swift-BAT catalog
• XMM-Newton observations of Seyfert galaxies from the Palomar spectroscopic survey: the X-ray absorption distribution
• Luminosity and Redshift Dependence of the Covering Factor of AGNs viewed with WISE and SDSS
• The XMM deep survey in the CDFS IV. Candidate Compton-thick AGN
• The INTEGRAL/IBIS AGN catalogue I: X-ray absorption properties versus optical classification
• Obscured AGN at z~1 from the zCOSMOS-Bright Survey I. Selection and Optical Properties of a [Ne v]-selected sample
• INTEGRAL/IBIS Extragalactic survey: 20-100 keV selected AGN
• X-ray Spectral Constraints for z~2 Massive Galaxies: The Identification of Reflection-Dominated Active Galactic Nuclei
• A Flexible Method of Estimating Luminosity Functions
• A Serendipitous XMM Survey of the SDSS: the evolution of the colour-magnitude diagram of X-ray AGN from z=0.8 to z=0.1
• The AGN, Star-Forming, and Morphological Properties of Luminous IR-Bright/Optically-Faint Galaxies
• Discovery of heavily-obscured AGN among 7 INTEGRAL hard X-ray sources observed by Chandra
• Optical identification of XMM sources in the CFHTLS
• An Archival Chandra and XMM-Newton Survey of Type 2 Quasars
• The Largest X-ray Selected Sample of z>3 AGNs: C-COSMOS & ChaMP
• Infrared Excess Sources: Compton Thick QSOs, low luminosity Seyferts or starbursts?
• Anti-hierarchical evolution of the Active Galactic Nucleus space density in a hierarchical universe
• X-ray properties of BzK-selected galaxies in the deepest X-ray fields
• The XMM deep survey in the CDF-S II. a 9-20 keV selection of heavily obscured active galaxies at z>1.7
• The space density of Compton-thick AGN at z~0.8 in the zCOSMOS-Bright Survey
• Discovery of Compton-thick quasars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• A Joint Model Of X-ray And Infrared Backgrounds. II. Compton-Thick AGN Abundance
• Can photo-ionization explain the decreasing fraction of X-ray obscured AGN with luminosity?

Cited by in corpus (235)

• Active Galactic Nuclei: what's in a name?
• The Illustris simulation: the evolving population of black holes across cosmic time
• Obscured Active Galactic Nuclei
• Supermassive black holes and their feedback effects in the IllustrisTNG simulation
• The dust covering factor in active galactic nuclei
• The Chandra COSMOS Legacy survey: optical/IR identifications
• The Romulus Cosmological Simulations: A Physical Approach to the Formation, Dynamics and Accretion Models of SMBHs
• The close environments of accreting massive black holes are shaped by radiative feedback
• The Bolometric Quasar Luminosity Function at z = 0-7
• Compton-thick Accretion in the local Universe
• The cosmic evolution of massive black holes in the Horizon-AGN simulation
• Blossoms from black hole seeds: properties and early growth regulated by supernova feedback
• New Spectral Model for Constraining Torus Covering Factors from Broadband X-ray Spectra of Active Galactic Nuclei
• X-rays across the galaxy population - II. The distribution of AGN accretion rates as a function of stellar mass and redshift
• Reconstructing phenomenological distributions of compact binaries via gravitational wave observations
• Supermassive black holes in cosmological simulations I: M_BH-M_star relation and black hole mass function
• High-redshift AGN in the Chandra Deep Fields: the obscured fraction and space density of the sub-$L_{\ast }$ population
• A tidal disruption flare in a massive galaxy? Implications for the fuelling mechanisms of nuclear black holes
• AEGIS-X: Deep Chandra imaging of the Central Groth Strip
• The Accretion History of AGN I: Supermassive Black Hole Population Synthesis Model
• New synthesis models of consistent extragalactic background light over cosmic time
• Are Compton-Thick AGN the Missing Link Between Mergers and Black Hole Growth?
• The ASTRID simulation: the evolution of Supermassive Black Holes
• The Chandra COSMOS-Legacy survey: Source X-ray spectral properties
• Supermassive black holes in the EAGLE Universe. Revealing the observables of their growth
• Detailed Shape and Evolutionary Behavior of the X-ray Luminosity Function of Active Galactic Nuclei
• X-rays across the galaxy population I: tracing the main sequence of star formation
• Linking black-hole growth with host galaxies: The accretion-stellar mass relation and its cosmic evolution
• Black Hole and Galaxy Coevolution from Continuity Equation and Abundance Matching
• Multi-phase Nature of a Radiation-Driven Fountain with Nuclear Starburst in a Low-mass Active Galactic Nucleus
• Supermassive Black Holes at High Redshift are Expected to be Obscured by their Massive Host Galaxies' Inter Stellar Medium
• The Complete Infrared View of Active Galactic Nuclei from the 70-month Swift/BAT Catalog
• AGN host galaxy mass function in COSMOS: is AGN feedback responsible for the mass-quenching of galaxies?
• The X-ray luminosity function of Active Galactic Nuclei in the redshift interval z=3-5
• X-ray spectral analyses of AGNs from the 7Ms Chandra Deep Field-South survey: the distribution, variability, and evolution of AGN's obscuration
• The MOSDEF survey: AGN multi-wavelength identification, selection biases and host galaxy properties
• The Obelisk simulation: galaxies contribute more than AGN to HI reionization of protoclusters
• Galaxy gas as obscurer: II. Separating the galaxy-scale and nuclear obscurers of Active Galactic Nuclei
• X-Ray Spectral Model from Clumpy Torus and Its Application to Circinus Galaxy
• Observational constraints on the specific accretion-rate distribution of X-ray selected AGN
• AGN Selection and Demographics: A New Age with JWST/MIRI
• Black-Hole Growth is Mainly Linked to Host-Galaxy Stellar Mass rather than Star Formation Rate
• X-ray spectral and eclipsing model of the clumpy obscurer in active galactic nuclei
• X-ray spectral properties of the AGN sample in the northern XMM-XXL field
• X-UDS: The Chandra Legacy Survey of the UKIDSS Ultra Deep Survey Field
• A hard X-ray view of Luminous and Ultra-luminous Infrared Galaxies in GOALS: I - AGN obscuration along the merger sequence
• Linking galaxy structural properties and star formation activity to black hole activity with IllustrisTNG
• Mid-infrared luminous quasars in the GOODS-Herschel fields: a large population of heavily-obscured, Compton-thick quasars at z~2
• Star formation black hole growth and dusty tori in the most luminous AGNs at z=2-3.5
• A selection effect boosting the contribution from rapidly spinning black holes to the Cosmic X-ray Background
• Observational Signatures of High-Redshift Quasars and Local Relics of Black Hole Seeds
• The Chandra COSMOS Legacy Survey: Compton Thick AGN at high redshift
• The deepest X-ray view of high-redshift galaxies: constraints on low-rate black-hole accretion
• Trinity I: Self-Consistently Modeling the Dark Matter Halo-Galaxy-Supermassive Black Hole Connection from $z=0-10$
• Constraining the UV emissivity of AGN throughout cosmic time via X-ray surveys
• NuSTAR Reveals Extreme Absorption in z < 0.5 Type 2 Quasars
• Obscuring Fraction of Active Galactic Nuclei: Implications from Radiation-driven Fountain Models
• Supermassive black holes in cosmological simulations II: the AGN population and predictions for upcoming X-ray missions
• AGN Populations in Large Volume X-ray Surveys: Photometric Redshifts and Population Types found in the Stripe 82X Survey
• From galactic nuclei to the halo outskirts: tracing supermassive black holes across cosmic history and environments
• QSO obscuration at high redshift ($z\gtrsim 7$): Predictions from the BlueTides simulation
• Active Galactic Nuclei and their Large-scale Structure: an eROSITA mock catalogue
• The X-ray emission of z>2.5 active galactic nuclei can be obscured by their host galaxies
• BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey XXI: The Data Release 2 Overview
• Massive black hole binaries in LISA: multimessenger prospects and electromagnetic counterparts
• NuSTAR Survey of Obscured Swift/BAT-selected Active Galactic Nuclei: II. Median High-energy Cutoff in Seyfert II Hard X-ray Spectra
• On the cosmic evolution of AGN obscuration and the X-ray luminosity function: XMM-Newton and Chandra spectral analysis of the 31.3 deg${}^2$ Stripe 82X
• BASS XXXVII: The role of radiative feedback in the growth and obscuration properties of nearby supermassive black holes
• AGN contamination of galaxy-cluster thermal X-ray emission: predictions for eRosita from cosmological simulations
• The Rise of Active Galactic Nuclei in the GAlaxy Evolution and Assembly semi-analytic model
• The 5 - 10 keV AGN luminosity function at 0.01<z<4.0
• The NuSTAR Extragalactic Surveys: First Direct Measurements of the >10 keV X-Ray Luminosity Function for Active Galactic Nuclei at z>0.1
• Galaxy gas as obscurer: I. GRBs x-ray galaxies and find a N_H ~ M* relation
• Does the obscured AGN fraction really depend on luminosity?
• X-ray absorption, nuclear infrared emission and dust covering factors of AGN: testing Unification Schemes
• High-redshift galaxies and black holes in the eyes of JWST: a population synthesis model from infrared to X-rays
• The Chandra Deep Fields: Lifting the Veil on Distant Active Galactic Nuclei and X-Ray Emitting Galaxies
• The NuSTAR Serendipitous Survey: Hunting for The Most Extreme Obscured AGN at >10 keV
• Mock catalogs for the extragalactic X-ray sky: simulating AGN surveys with Athena and with the AXIS probe
• The properties of the AGN torus as revealed from a set of unbiased NuSTAR observations
• Survival of the obscuring torus in the most powerful active galactic nuclei
• Detecting clusters of galaxies and active galactic nuclei in an eROSITA all-sky survey digital twin
• Compton-Thick AGN in the NuSTAR era VI: The observed Compton-thick fraction in the Local Universe
• Semi-analytic forecasts for JWST -- V. AGN luminosity functions and helium reionization at z = 2-7
• Impact of gas hardening on the population properties of hierarchical black hole mergers in AGN disks
• Compton Thick AGN in the 70 Month Swift-BAT All-Sky Hard X-ray Survey: a Bayesian approach
• ALMA Observations of Multiple-CO and C Lines Toward the Active Galactic Nucleus of NGC 7469: X-Ray-dominated Region Caught in the Act
• The NuSTAR Extragalactic Surveys: X-ray spectroscopic analysis of the bright hard-band selected sample
• Piercing Through Highly Obscured and Compton-thick AGNs in the Chandra Deep Fields: I. X-ray Spectral and Long-term Variability Analyses
• Modelling the cosmic spectral energy distribution and extragalactic background light over all time
• The XXL Survey: VI. The 1000 brightest X-ray point sources
• Faint progenitors of luminous $z\sim 6$ quasars: why don't we see them?
• First constraints on the AGN X-ray luminosity function at $z\sim 6$ from an eROSITA-detected quasar
• X-ray constraints on the fraction of obscured AGN at high accretion luminosities
• The first Super Massive Black Holes: indications from models for future observations
• The Chandra COSMOS Legacy survey: the z>3 sample
• Study of Swift/BAT Selected Low-luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei Observed with Suzaku
• XZ: Deriving redshifts from X-ray spectra of obscured AGN
• Properties and Evolution of Dual and Offset AGN in the ASTRID Simulation at $z\sim 2$
• X-ray bolometric corrections for Compton-thick active galactic nuclei
• Predicting the X-ray polarization of type-2 Seyfert galaxies
• BlueTides simulation: establishing black hole-galaxy relations at high-redshift
• Physically motivated X-ray obscurer models
• Near-infrared emission line diagnostics for AGN from the local Universe to redshift 3
• NuSTAR observations of heavily obscured Swift/BAT AGN: constraints on the Compton-thick AGN fraction
• Galaxy fields of LISA massive black hole mergers in a simulated Universe
• Local AGN Survey (LASr): I. Galaxy sample, infrared colour selection and predictions for AGN within 100 Mpc
• Constraining AGN Feedback in Massive Ellipticals with South Pole Telescope Measurements of the Thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect
• Cosmic hide and seek: the volumetric rate of X-ray quasi-periodic eruptions
• The need for obscured supermassive black hole growth to explain quasar proximity zones in the epoch of reionization
• A Catalog of Host Galaxies for WISE-Selected AGN: Connecting Host Properties with Nuclear Activity and Identifying Contaminants
• The AGN-galaxy-halo connection: The distribution of AGN host halo masses to z=2.5
• A hard look at local, optically-selected, obscured Seyfert galaxies
• The demographics of obscured AGN from X-ray spectroscopy guided by multiwavelength information
• A panchromatic view of infrared quasars: excess star formation and radio emission in the most heavily obscured systems
• X-ray properties of He II 1640 emitting galaxies in VANDELS
• The column density distribution of hard X-ray radio galaxies
• NuSTAR Uncovers an Extremely Local Compton-thick AGN in NGC 4968
• An Iwasawa-Taniguchi Effect for Compton-thick Active Galactic Nuclei
• The VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS). AGN feedback in [NeV] emitters
• Modeling the HeII Transverse Proximity Effect: Constraints on Quasar Lifetime and Obscuration
• The eROSITA Final Equatorial Depth Survey (eFEDS): Complex absorption and soft excesses in hard X-ray--selected active galactic nuclei
• On R-W1 as A Diagnostic to Discover Obscured Active Galactic Nuclei in Wide-Area X-ray Surveys
• Narrow line AGN selection in CEERS: spectroscopic selection, physical properties, X-ray and radio analysis
• Active Galactic Nuclei as seen by the Spitzer Space Telescope
• JWST/MIRI Simulated Imaging: Insights into Obscured Star-Formation and AGN for Distant Galaxies in Deep Surveys
• $NuSTAR$ Observations of Four Nearby X-ray Faint AGN: Low Luminosity or Heavy Obscuration?
• Photometric redshifts for X-ray-selected active galactic nuclei in the eROSITA era
• The 2-10 keV unabsorbed luminosity function of AGN from the XMM-Newton LSS, CDFS and COSMOS surveys
• Compton-thick AGN in the NuSTAR era II: A deep NuSTAR and XMM-Newton view of the candidate Compton thick AGN in NGC 1358
• Obscuring fraction of active galactic nuclei implied by supernova and radiative feedbacks
• X-ray redshifts for obscured AGN: a case study in the J1030 deep field
• X-ray spectral properties of seven heavily obscured Seyfert 2 galaxies
• Dating individual quasars with the HeII proximity effect
• A hidden population of massive black holes in simulated dwarf galaxies
• Compton-thick AGN in the NuSTAR era IV: A deep NuSTAR and XMM-Newton view of the candidate Compton thick AGN in ESO 116-G018
• Accretion History of AGN II: Constraints on AGN Spectral Parameters using the Cosmic X-ray Background
• AGN X-ray luminosity function and absorption function in the Early Universe ($3\le z\le 6$)
• The Black Hole-Galaxy Connection: Interplay between Feedback, Obscuration, and Host Galaxy Substructure
• Host Dark Matter Halos of WISE-selected Obscured & Unobscured Quasars: Evidence for Evolution
• Searching For Fossil Evidence of AGN Feedback in WISE-Selected Stripe-82 Galaxies By Measuring the Thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect With the Atacama Cosmology Telescope
• Augmenting machine learning photometric redshifts with Gaussian mixture models
• On the Prevalence of Super-Massive Black Holes over Cosmic Time
• X-ray properties and obscured fraction of AGN in the J1030 Chandra field
• NuSTAR and Keck Observations of Heavily Obscured Quasars Selected by WISE
• The Obscured Fraction of Quasars at Cosmic Noon
• Hydrogen Column Density Variability in a Sample of Local Compton-Thin AGN
• AGN accretion and black hole growth across compact and extended galaxy evolution phases
• BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey-XXIII. A New Mid-Infrared Diagnostic for Absorption in Active Galactic Nuclei
• Mildly obscured active galaxies and the cosmic X-ray background
• Mass accretion toward black holes in the final phase of galaxy mergers
• A High Fraction of Heavily X-ray Obscured Active Galactic Nuclei
• Compton-Thick AGN in the NuSTAR era VII. A joint NuSTAR, Chandra and XMM-Newton analysis of two nearby, heavily obscured sources
• Accretion properties of X-ray AGN: Evidence for radiation-regulated obscuration with redshift-dependent host galaxy contribution
• Accretion History of AGN III: Radiative Efficiency and AGN Contribution to Reionization
• X-ray emission from a rapidly accreting narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy at z=6.56
• What powers Hyperluminous Infrared galaxies at z~1-2?
• Fast SMBH growth in the SPT2349--56 protocluster at $z=4.3$
• Relativistic accretion disk reflection in AGN X-ray spectra at z=0.5--4: a study of four \textit{Chandra} deep fields
• CircleZ: Reliable Photometric redshifts for AGN computed using only photometry from Legacy Survey Imaging for DESI
• The XXL Survey XIX. A realistic population of simulated X-ray AGN: Comparison of models with observations
• Impact of gas based seeding on supermassive black hole populations at $z\ge 7$
• Heavily Obscured AGN detection: a Radio vs X-ray challenge
• Searching for molecular outflows in Hyper-Luminous Infrared Galaxies
• Dark-ages reionization and galaxy formation simulation -- XVIII. The high-redshift evolution of black holes and their host galaxies
• Forward modeling the multiwavelength properties of Active Galactic Nuclei: application to X-ray and WISE mid-infrared samples
• Chandra Reveals Heavy Obscuration and Circumnuclear Star Formation in Seyfert 2 Galaxy NGC 4968
• ALMA observations of the submillimetre hydrogen recombination line from the type 2 active nucleus of NGC 1068
• The Most Obscured AGNs in the XMM-SERVS Fields
• Mrk 1239: a Type-2 Counterpart of Narrow-line Seyfert-1?
• Stability of Gas Clouds in Galactic Nuclei: An Extended Virial Theorem
• Do current X-ray observations capture most of the black-hole accretion at high redshifts?
• The composite nature of Dust-Obscured Galaxies (DOGs) at z~2-3 in the COSMOS field: II. The AGN fraction
• Surveys of the Cosmic X-ray Background
• The eROSITA Final Equatorial Depth Survey (eFEDS): the hard X-ray selected sample
• Bringing faint active galactic nuclei (AGNs) to light: a view from large-scale cosmological simulations
• CLEAR: Spatially Resolved Emission Lines and Active Galactic Nuclei at $0.6<z<1.3$
• XXL-HSC: An updated catalogue of high-redshift ($z⩾3.5$) X-ray AGN in the XMM-XXL northern field. Constraints on the bright end of the soft logN-logS
• X-ray AGN in Boötes: The lack of growth of the most massive black holes since z=4
• Clustering, Cosmology and a New Era of Black Hole Demographics -- II. The Conditional Luminosity Functions of Type 2 and Type 1 Active Galactic Nuclei
• AGN and Star Formation at Cosmic Noon: Comparison of Data to Theoretical Models
• Constraining the contribution of Seyfert galaxies to the diffuse neutrino flux in light of point source observations
• PICZL: Image-based Photometric Redshifts for AGN
• Accretion onto supermassive and intermediate mass black holes in cosmological simulations
• Resolving galactic-scale obscuration of X-ray AGN at $z\gtrsim 1$ with COSMOS-Web
• Towards a complete census of luminous Compton-thick Active Galactic Nuclei in the local Universe
• eROSITA Final Equatorial-Depth Survey (eFEDS): eFEDS X-ray view of WERGS Radio Galaxies selected by the Subaru/HSC and VLA/FIRST survey
• The role of mergers and gas accretion in black hole growth and galaxy evolution
• Multiplicity functions of quasars: Predictions from the MassiveBlackII simulation
• Probing the roles of orientation and multi-scale gas distributions in shaping the obscuration of Active Galactic Nuclei through cosmic time
• The ASTRID Simulation at z=0: From Massive Black Holes to Large-scale Structure
• COSMOS2020: Investigating the AGN-obscured accretion phase at $z\sim 1$ via [NeV] selection
• The life cycle of starbursting circumnuclear gas discs
• BASS. XLIX. Characterization of highly luminous and obscured AGNs: local X-ray and [NeV]$\lambda$3426 emission in comparison with the high-redshift Universe
• Evolution of black hole and galaxy growth in a semi-numerical galaxy formation model
• MAMBO -- An empirical galaxy and AGN mock catalogue for the exploitation of future surveys
• The intrinsic X-ray luminosity distribution of an optically-selected SDSS quasar population
• Euclid preparation. Observational expectations for redshift z<7 active galactic nuclei in the Euclid Wide and Deep surveys
• Clustering, Cosmology and a New Era of Black Hole Demographics -- I. The Conditional Luminosity Function of Active Galactic Nuclei
• The Shape of the Cosmic X-ray Background: Nuclear Starburst Discs and the Redshift Evolution of AGN Obscuration
• The near-infrared SED of blue quasars: what drives the evolution of the dusty torus?
• Measuring the Cosmic X-ray Background accurately
• Inferring Compton-thick AGN candidates at z>2 with Chandra using the >8 keV restframe spectral curvature
• X-ray Redshifts for Obscured Active Galactic Nuclei with AXIS Deep and Intermediate Surveys
• Large-scale clustering of buried X-ray AGN: Trends in AGN obscuration and redshift evolution
• Spectroscopy of an extreme [OIII] emitting active galactic nucleus at $z=3.212$: implications for the reionisation era
• X-Ray Redshifts of Obscured Chandra Source Catalog AGN
• The Compton-thick AGN luminosity function in the local Universe: A robust estimate combining BAT detections and NuSTAR spectra
• Retrieving the hot circumgalactic medium physics from the X-ray radial profile from eROSITA with an IlustrisTNG-based forward model
• The Dawn of Black Holes
• The subtle statistics of the distance ladder: On the distance prior and selection effects
• The SRG/eROSITA all-sky survey: Hard X-ray selected Active Galactic Nuclei
• LBT-MODS spectroscopy of high-redshift candidates in the Chandra J1030 field. A newly discovered z$\sim$2.8 large scale structure
• Reconstructing AGN X-ray spectral parameter distributions with Bayesian methods II: Population inference
• On planet formation around supermassive black holes and the grain disruption barriers by radiative torques
• Cosmic X-ray surveys of Active Galactic Nuclei: synergy between X-ray and infrared observations
• X-ray Sources in the SSA22 Chandra Field
• Shedding the envelope: JWST reveals a kiloparsec-scale [OIII]-weak Balmer shell around a z=7.64 quasar
• X-ray Absorption and Reprocessing in the $z\sim 2.5$ Lensed Quasar 2MASS J1042+1641
• Harnessing the XMM-Newton data: X-ray spectral modelling of 4XMM-DR11 detections and 4XMM-DR11s sources
• Disentangling AGN and Star Formation Activity at High Redshift Using Hubble Space Telescope Grism Spectroscopy
• X-ray selection of Compton Thick AGN at high redshift
• BASS XLV: Quantifying AGN Selection Effects in the Chandra COSMOS-Legacy Survey with BASS
• Reconstructing AGN X-ray spectral parameter distributions with Bayesian methods I: Spectral analysis
• Toward measuring the spin of obscured supermassive black holes: a critical assessment with disk megamasers
• The most obscured AGN in the COSMOS field
• Identifying Compton-thick active galactic nuclei in the COSMOS. II. Searching among mid-infrared selected AGNs
• Obscured and unobscured X-ray AGNs I: Host galaxy properties
• Self-consistent population synthesis of AGN from observational constraints in the X-rays
• Constraining the AGN tori at cosmic noon using high-resolution JWST imaging and simultaneous SED fitting
• The black hole population in low-mass galaxies in large-scale cosmological simulations
• The Drivers of the Decline in Supermassive Black Hole Growth at $z<2$
• The properties of the obscuring material of an AGNs sample from mid-IR and X-ray simultaneous fitting
• BASS XXX: Distribution Functions of DR2 Eddington-ratios, Black Hole Masses, and X-ray Luminosities
• The $N_H$ Distribution of Hard X-ray Selected AGN in the NEP Field