Spectral Classification and Redshift Measurement for the SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey

Abstract

(abridged) We describe the automated spectral classification, redshift determination, and parameter measurement pipeline in use for the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III (SDSS-III) as of Data Release 9, encompassing 831,000 moderate-resolution optical spectra. We give a review of the algorithms employed, and describe the changes to the pipeline that have been implemented for BOSS relative to previous SDSS-I/II versions, including new sets of stellar, galaxy, and quasar redshift templates. For the color-selected CMASS sample of massive galaxies at redshift 0.4 <~ z <~ 0.8 targeted by BOSS for the purposes of large-scale cosmological measurements, the pipeline achieves an automated classification success rate of 98.7% and confirms 95.4% of unique CMASS targets as galaxies (with the balance being mostly M stars). Based on visual inspections of a subset of BOSS galaxies, we find that ~0.2% of confidently reported CMASS sample classifications and redshifts are incorrect, and ~0.4% of all CMASS spectra are objects unclassified by the current algorithm which are potentially recoverable. The BOSS pipeline confirms that ~51.5% of the quasar targets have quasar spectra, with the balance mainly consisting of stars. Statistical (as opposed to systematic) redshift errors propagated from photon noise are typically a few tens of km/s for both galaxies and quasars, with a significant tail to a few hundreds of km/s for quasars. We test the accuracy of these statistical redshift error estimates using repeat observations, finding them underestimated by a factor of 1.19 to 1.34 for galaxies, and by a factor of 2 for quasars. We assess the impact of sky-subtraction quality, S/N, and other factors on galaxy redshift success. Finally, we document known issues, and describe directions of ongoing development.

20 pages, multiple figures. Minor changes relative to version 1. Accepted for publication in The Astronomical Journal

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• The clustering of the SDSS-IV extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey DR14 quasar sample: measuring the evolution of the growth rate using redshift space distortions between redshift 0.8 and 2.2
• Towards automatic classification of all WISE sources
• A Catalog of Host Galaxies for WISE-Selected AGN: Connecting Host Properties with Nuclear Activity and Identifying Contaminants
• The BOSS-WiggleZ overlap region II: dependence of cosmic growth on galaxy type
• The completed SDSS-IV extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey: measurement of the growth rate of structure from the small-scale clustering of the luminous red galaxy sample
• The Cosmic Ultraviolet Baryon Survey (CUBS) IV: The Complex Multiphase Circumgalactic Medium as Revealed by Partial Lyman Limit Systems
• Automated novelty detection in the WISE survey with one-class support vector machines
• Measurement of marked correlation functions in SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey using LOWZ galaxies in Data Release 12
• The SDSS-IV eBOSS: emission line galaxy catalogues at z=0.8 and study of systematic errors in the angular clustering
• Archetype-Based Redshift Estimation for the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument Survey
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: The Spectroscopic Discovery of Strongly Lensed Galaxies
• Testing gravity with galaxy-galaxy lensing and redshift-space distortions using CFHT-Stripe 82, CFHTLenS and BOSS CMASS datasets
• Graph Database Solution for Higher Order Spatial Statistics in the Era of Big Data
• Minkowski Functionals of SDSS-III BOSS : Hints of Possible Anisotropy in the Density Field?
• Modelling the UV spectrum of SDSS-III/BOSS galaxies: hints towards the detection of the UV upturn at high-z
• Double-peaked Narrow Emission-line Galaxies in LAMOST Survey
• Insights on the origin of ORCs from cosmological simulations
• SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey: Analysis of Potential Systematics in Fitting of Baryon Acoustic Feature
• New constraints on cosmological modified gravity theories from anisotropic three-point correlation functions of BOSS DR12 galaxies
• Autoencoding Galaxy Spectra I: Architecture
• Constraint on the time variation of the fine-structure constant with the SDSS-III/BOSS DR12 quasar sample
• Producing a BOSS-CMASS sample with DES imaging
• A Radial Measurement of the Galaxy Tidal Alignment Magnitude with BOSS Data
• Subaru weak-lensing measurement of a z = 0.81 cluster discovered by the Atacama Cosmology Telescope Survey
• The Integrated Sachs-Wolfe Signal from BOSS Super-Structures
• SPIDERS: overview of the X-ray galaxy cluster follow-up and the final spectroscopic data release
• A direct measure of free electron gas via the Kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect in Fourier-space analysis
• Measuring Galaxy Velocity Dispersions with Hectospec
• Constructing high-fidelity halo merger trees in AbacusSummit
• Statistical study of a large and cleaned sample of ultraluminous and hyperluminous X-ray sources
• Constraining the relative velocity effect using the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey
• Autoencoding Galaxy Spectra II: Redshift Invariance and Outlier Detection
• The Clustering of Galaxies in the Completed SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey: Cosmic Flows and Cosmic Web from Luminous Red Galaxies
• The triply-ionized carbon forest from eBOSS: cosmological correlations with quasars in SDSS-IV DR14
• Near Infrared Spectra and Intrinsic Luminosities of Candidate Type II Quasars at 2 < z < 3.4
• New Low-Mass Stars in the 25 Orionis Stellar Group and Orion OB1a Sub-association from SDSS-III/BOSS Spectroscopy
• The Evolution of Post-Starburst Galaxies from $z\sim 1$ to the Present
• Tracing the outflow kinematics in Type 2 Active Galactic Nuclei
• The Type 1 and Type 2 AGN dichotomy according to their ZTF optical variability
• The Extremely Luminous Quasar Survey (ELQS) in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey footprint. II. The North Galactic Cap Sample
• Trend Filtering -- I. A Modern Statistical Tool for Time-Domain Astronomy and Astronomical Spectroscopy
• Classification of 4XMM-DR9 Sources by Machine Learning
• Directly tracing cool filamentary accretion over >100 kpc into the interstellar medium of a quasar host at z=1
• Photometric Objects around Cosmic Webs (PAC) Delineated in a Spectroscopic Survey. I. Methods
• The Evolution of Sizes and Specific Angular Momenta in Hierarchical Models of Galaxy Formation and Evolution
• The Bimodal Absorption System Imaging Campaign (BASIC) I. A Dual Population of Low-metallicity Absorbers at z $<1$
• A Glimpse at Quasar Host Galaxy Far-UV Emission, Using DLAs as Natural Coronagraphs
• Average [O II] nebular emission associated with Mg II absorbers: Dependence on Fe II absorption
• Learning from the machine: interpreting machine learning algorithms for point- and extended- source classification
• Discovery and origins of giant optical nebulae surrounding quasar PKS 0454-22
• Host Galaxy Spectra and Consequences for SN Typing From The SDSS SN Survey
• Blind Observers of the Sky
• Fundamental Plane of BOSS galaxies: Correlations with galaxy properties, density field and impact on RSD measurements
• Black-Body Stars
• Does jackknife scale really matter for accurate large-scale structure covariances?
• Characterizing unknown systematics in large scale structure surveys
• Measuring supermassive black hole peculiar motion using H${}_2$O megamasers
• The Time-Domain Spectroscopic Survey: Understanding the Optically Variable Sky with SEQUELS in SDSS-III
• The Cosmological Bias Factor of Damped Lyman Alpha systems: Dependence on Metal Line Strength
• Radio spectral properties of star-forming galaxies between 150-5000MHz in the ELAIS-N1 field
• [O II] nebular emission from Mg II absorbers: Star formation associated with the absorbing gas
• Relation between the variations in the MgII $\lambda 2798$ emission-line and the 3000 Å continuum
• An information theory based search for homogeneity on the largest accessible scale
• Detection of Lyβauto-correlations and Lyα-Lyβcross-correlations in BOSS Data Release 9
• LESSER: A Catalogue of Spectroscopically selected sample of Lyman-$\alpha$ Emitters Lensed By Galaxies
• The Cosmic Ultraviolet Baryon Survey (CUBS) II: Discovery of an H${}_2$-Bearing DLA in the Vicinity of an Early-Type Galaxy at z = 0.576
• RSD measurements from BOSS galaxy power spectrum using the halo perturbation theory model
• Deep Learning in Searching the Spectroscopic Redshift of Quasars
• The Cross-correlation of MgII Absorption and Galaxies in BOSS
• Evolution of the Most Massive Galaxies to z ~ 0.6: II. The link between radio AGN activity and star formation
• Building a Better Understanding of the High Redshift BOSS Galaxies as Tools for Cosmology
• A compilation of known QSOs for the Gaia mission
• Darth Fader: Using wavelets to obtain accurate redshifts of spectra at very low signal-to-noise
• Forward Modeling of Spectroscopic Galaxy Surveys: Application to SDSS
• Estimating Spectroscopic Redshifts by Using k Nearest Neighbors Regression I. Description of Method and Analysis
• Quasars with PV broad absorption in BOSS data release 9
• Evidence for non-merger co-evolution of galaxies and their supermassive black holes
• Intervening Mg II absorption systems from the SDSS DR12 quasar spectra
• The clustering of galaxies in the SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey: higher-order correlations revealed by germ-grain Minkowski Functionals
• Ultracool Dwarfs in deep extragalactic surveys using the Virtual Observatory: ALHAMBRA and COSMOS
• Measuring the luminosity and virial black hole mass dependence of quasar-galaxy clustering at z ~ 0.8
• Probing the environment of high-z quasars using the proximity effect in projected quasar pairs
• Measurements of effective optical depth in the Ly$\alpha$ forest from the BOSS DR12 Quasar sample
• Behaviour of the MgII 2798AA Line Over the Full Range of AGN Variability
• The Nature of the Faint Low-Frequency Radio Source Population
• Quasars as a tracer of large-scale structures in the distant universe
• Photometric Objects Around Cosmic Webs (PAC) Delineated in a Spectroscopic Survey. IV. High Precision Constraints on the Evolution of Stellar-Halo Mass Relation at Redshift $z<0.7$
• The Effect of Systematic Redshift Biases in BAO Cosmology
• The Ly$\alpha$ emission from high-$z$ galaxies hosting strong Damped Ly$\alpha$ systems
• Cosmological Tests using Redshift Space Clustering in BOSS DR11
• The clustering of galaxies in the completed SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey: a tomographic measurement of structure growth and expansion rate from anisotropic galaxy clustering in Fourier space
• The Sloan Digital Sky Survey Reverberation Mapping Project: Biases in z>1.46 Redshifts due to Quasar Diversity
• The evolution of high-density cores of the BOSS Great Wall superclusters
• The spatial clustering of ROSAT all-sky survey Active Galactic Nuclei: V. The evolution of broad-line AGN clustering properties in the last 6 Gyr
• A catalog of quasar properties from the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey
• Collective properties of quasar narrow associated absorption lines
• Revealing strong bias in common measures of galaxy properties using new inclination-independent structures
• The Galaxy Stellar Mass Function and Low Surface Brightness Galaxies from Core-Collapse Supernovae
• Prescriptions for Correcting Ultraviolet-Based Redshifts for Luminous Quasars at High Redshift
• The environmental dependence of X-ray AGN activity at $z\sim 0.4$
• The impact of temperature fluctuations on the large-scale clustering of the Ly$\alpha$ forest
• Properties of type Ia supernovae inside rich galaxy clusters
• The Renovated Thacher Observatory and First Science Results
• Characterizing the Circumgalactic Medium of Quasars at z $\sim$ 2.2 through H$\alpha$ and Ly$\alpha$ Emission
• Gemini Near Infrared Spectrograph -- Distant Quasar Survey: Augmented Spectroscopic Catalog and a Prescription for Correcting UV-Based Quasar Redshifts
• Spectroscopic QUasar Extractor and redshift (z) EstimatorSQUEzE I: Methodology
• Quasars at intermediate redshift are not special; but they are often satellites
• BOSS Great Wall: morphology, luminosity, and mass
• The SDSS-V Black Hole Mapper Reverberation Mapping Project: Unusual Broad-Line Variability in a Luminous Quasar
• Panchromatic Photometry of Low-redshift, Massive Galaxies Selected from SDSS Stripe 82
• Cosmological Parameter Estimation from the Two-Dimensional Genus Topology -- Measuring the Shape of the Matter Power Spectrum
• Correlation of structure and stellar properties of galaxies in Stripe 82
• Results of a systematic search for outburst events in 1.4 million galaxies
• Analyzing Baryon Acoustic Oscillations in Sparse Spectroscopic Samples via Cross-Correlation with Dense Photometry
• Quasar -- CIV forest cross-correlation with SDSS DR12
• Tomographic redshift dipole: Testing the cosmological principle
• A spectroscopic and kinematic survey of fast hot subdwarfs
• Deep uGMRT observations of the ELAIS-North 1 field: statistical properties of radio--infrared relations up to $z\sim$2
• Probing the Diffuse Lyman-alpha Emission on Cosmological Scales: Lyα Emission Intensity Mapping Using the Complete SDSS-IV eBOSS Survey
• Relativistic Effects on Galaxy Redshift Samples due to Target Selection
• The clustering of galaxies in the SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey: constraints on the time variation of fundamental constants from the large-scale two-point correlation function
• Self-consistent redshift estimation using correlation functions without a spectroscopic reference sample
• Photometric Objects Around Cosmic Webs (PAC) Delineated in a Spectroscopic survey. II. Morphology, Color and Size Dependences of the Stellar-halo Mass Relation for Massive Galaxies
• Galaxy Spectra neural Network (GaSNet). II. Using Deep Learning for Spectral Classification and Redshift Predictions
• PICZL: Image-based Photometric Redshifts for AGN
• Boundless baryons: how diffuse gas contributes to anisotropic tSZ signal around simulated Three Hundred clusters
• The XMM Cluster Survey: The Halo Occupation Number of BOSS galaxies in X-ray clusters
• Detecting neutral hydrogen at z > 3 in large spectroscopic surveys of quasars
• The eROSITA Final Equatorial Depth Survey (eFEDS): SDSS spectroscopic observations of X-ray sources
• The Color and Stellar Mass Dependence of Small-scale Galaxy Clustering in SDSS-III BOSS
• Fast generation of mock galaxy catalogues with COLA
• Large scale distribution of mass versus light from Baryon Acoustic Oscillations: Measurement in the final SDSS-III BOSS Data Release 12
• First test of the consistency relation for the large-scale structure using the anisotropic three-point correlation function of BOSS DR12 galaxies (An explanatory video is available at https://youtu.be/Zi36ooLPhss.)
• A Cautionary Tale of Attenuation in Star Forming Regions
• PAC.V. The Roles of Mass and Environment in the Quenching of Galaxies
• Swift/UVOT+MaNGA (SwiM) Value-added Catalog
• Star Formation in Massive Galaxies at Redshift $z\sim 0.5$
• Determination of astrophysical parameters of quasars within the Gaia mission
• On the Automated and Objective Detection of Emission Lines in Faint-Object Spectroscopy
• Spectroscopic QUasar Extractor and redshift (z) EstimatorSQUEzE II: Universality of the results
• Clues on Arp 142: The Spiral-Elliptical merger
• Modeling the Spectral Diversity of Quasars in the Sixteenth Data Release from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): the signatures of galaxy interactions as viewed from small scale galaxy clustering
• The Hobby-Eberly Telescope VIRUS Parallel Survey (HETVIPS)
• The mass-size relation of LRGs from BOSS and DECaLS
• The Success of Optical Variability in Uncovering AGNs in Low-stellar Mass Galaxies
• SCONCE: A cosmic web finder for spherical and conic geometries
• Galaxy Spectra Networks (GaSNet). III. Generative pre-trained network for spectrum reconstruction, redshift estimate and anomaly detection
• Inferring redshift and galaxy properties via a multi-task neural net with probabilistic outputs: An application to simulated MOONS spectra
• Representation learning for automated spectroscopic redshift estimation
• A partial Lyman limit system tracing intragroup gas at $z\approx 0.8$ towards HE1003+0149
• Trend Filtering -- II. Denoising Astronomical Signals with Varying Degrees of Smoothness
• Mapping the Distant and Metal-Poor Milky Way with SDSS-V
• Optical Spectroscopy of Dual Quasar Candidates from the Subaru HSC-SSP program
• The Spatial Range of Conformity
• A search for cosmological anisotropy using the Lyman alpha forest from SDSS quasar spectra
• Emission line properties of the most luminous AGN in massive galaxies at intermediate redshifts
• Search for extended Lyman-$\alpha$ emission around 9k quasars at z=2-3
• Machine learning applications for the study of AGN physical properties using photometric observations
• X-ray selected broad absorption line quasars in SDSS-V: BALs and non-BALs span the same range of X-ray properties
• The Compilation and Validation of the Spectroscopic Redshift Catalogs for the DESI-COSMOS and DESI-XMMLSS Fields
• The Spectroscopic Signature of Variability in High-Redshift Quasars
• Quantifying the Colour-Dependent Stochasticity of Large-Scale Structure
• The Seventeenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: Complete Release of MaNGA, MaStar and APOGEE-2 Data
• Efficient Identification of Broad Absorption Line Quasars using Dimensionality Reduction and Machine Learning
• A method for checking high-redshift identification of radio AGNs
• Improving SDSS cosmological constraints through $\beta$-skeleton weighted correlation functions
• Deep learning-based astronomical multimodal data fusion: A comprehensive review
• SpecPT (Spectroscopy Pre-trained Transformer) Model for Extragalactic Spectroscopy: I. Architecture and Automated Redshift Measurement
• Kinematics of MgII Absorbers from the Redshift-space Distortion Around Massive Quiescent Galaxies
• Stellar Karaoke: deep blind separation of terrestrial atmospheric effects out of stellar spectra by velocity whitening
• Polarimetric and spectroscopic study of radio-quiet weak emission line quasars
• Understanding Lyman-alpha Nebulae at Low Redshift I: The Sizes, Powering, and Kinematics of "Green Bean" Galaxies
• Morpho-Photometric Classification of KiDS DR5 Sources Based on Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Star-Quasar-Galaxy Catalog
• Measuring neutrino mass imprinted on the anisotropic galaxy clustering
• The Dependence of Dark Matter Halo Properties on the Morphology of Their Central Galaxies from Weak Lensing
• Search for a possible quasi-periodic structure based on data of the SDSS DR12 LOWZ
• Redshift determination through weighted phase correlation: a linearithmic implementation
• Background power subtraction in Lyman-alpha forest
• Robust AGN and host-galaxy decomposition in optical spectral fitting
• Probing gravity with the DES-CMASS sample and BOSS spectroscopy
• Traces of Anisotropic Quasi-Regular Structure in the SDSS Data
• Galaxy-galaxy lensing with the DES-CMASS catalogue: measurement and constraints on the galaxy-matter cross-correlation
• Confirming HSC strong lens candidates with DESI Spectroscopy. I. Project overview and first results
• Identifying Radio Active Galactic Nuclei with Machine Learning and Large-Area Surveys
• Hierarchical Matching and Regression with Application to Photometric Redshift Estimation
• A New Member of the Fast and Furious Family: A Relativistic and Time-Variable UV Outflow in a Luminous Quasar
• Blueberry and Green Pea galaxies live in low density environments
• The Impact of Spectroscopic Redshift Errors on Cosmological Measurements
• Lensing Without Borders. I. A Blind Comparison of the Amplitude of Galaxy-Galaxy Lensing Between Independent Imaging Surveys
• MUSEQuBES: Physical conditions, origins, and multi-element abundances of the circumgalactic medium of an isolated, star-forming dwarf galaxy at z=0.57
• Search for strong galaxy-galaxy lensing in SDSS-III BOSS
• What excites the optical emission in X-ray-selected galaxies?
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: A Catalogue of Spectroscopically Detected Strong Galaxy-Galaxy Lens Candidates
• Enhancing Cosmological Constraints by Two-dimensional $\beta$-cosmic-web Weighted Angular Correlation Functions
• Investigating the Impacts of AGN Activities on Dwarf Galaxies with FAST HI Observations
• A Treasure Hunt in the Pool of Spectra Classified as High-redshift QSOs by the Spectroscopic Pipeline of the SDSS DR16
• SRG/eROSITA-SDSS view on the relation between X-ray and UV emission for quasars
• Model-agnostic interpretation of 10 billion years of cosmic evolution traced by BOSS and eBOSS data
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly: A Comparison between Galaxy-Galaxy Lens Searches in KiDS/GAMA
• Passive spiral galaxies deeply captured by Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam
• Sample Variance for Supernovae Distance Measurements and the Hubble tension
• Robust detection of CID double stars in SDSS
• J-PLUS: Searching for very metal-poor star candidates using the SPEEM pipeline
• Accurate spectroscopic redshift estimation using non-negative matrix factorization: application to MUSE spectra
• Where's Swimmy?: Mining unique color features buried in galaxies by deep anomaly detection using Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam data