Blind Observers of the Sky

Abstract

The concept of blind analysis, a key procedure to remove the human-based systematic error called confirmation bias, has long been an integral part of data analysis in many research areas. In cosmology, blind analysis is recently making its entrance, as the field progresses into a fully fledged high-precision science. The credibility, reliability and robustness of results from future sky-surveys will dramatically increase if the effect of confirmation bias is kept under control by using an appropriate blinding procedure. Here, we present a catalog-level blinding scheme for galaxy clustering data apt to be used in future spectroscopic galaxy surveys. We shift the individual galaxy positions along the line of sight based on 1) a geometric shift mimicking the Alcock-Paczynski effect and 2) a perturbative shift akin to redshift-space distortions. This procedure has several advantages. After combining the two steps above, it is almost impossible to accidentally unblind. The procedure induces a shift in cosmological parameters without changing the galaxies' angular positions, hence without interfering with the effects of angular systematics. Since the method is applied at catalog level, there is no need to adopt several blinding schemes tuned to different summary statistics, likelihood choices or types of analyses. By testing the method on mock catalogs and the BOSS DR12 catalog we demonstrate its performance in blinding galaxy clustering data for relevant cosmological parameters sensitive to the background expansion rate and the growth rate of structures.

45 pages, 18 figures, 6 tables

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• DESI 2024 III: Baryon Acoustic Oscillations from Galaxies and Quasars
• DESI 2024 VII: Cosmological Constraints from the Full-Shape Modeling of Clustering Measurements
• DESI 2024 II: Sample Definitions, Characteristics, and Two-point Clustering Statistics
• DESI 2024 V: Full-Shape Galaxy Clustering from Galaxies and Quasars
• Robustness of baryon acoustic oscillation constraints for early-Universe modifications to $\Lambda$CDM
• Joint analysis of anisotropic power spectrum, bispectrum and trispectrum: application to N-body simulations
• First Detection of the BAO Signal from Early DESI Data
• Organised Randoms: Learning and correcting for systematic galaxy clustering patterns in KiDS using self-organising maps
• Fiducial-Cosmology-dependent systematics for the DESI 2024 BAO Analysis
• Validating the Galaxy and Quasar Catalog-Level Blinding Scheme for the DESI 2024 analysis
• The Effect of Systematic Redshift Biases in BAO Cosmology
• BAO cosmology in non-spatially flat background geometry from BOSS+eBOSS and lessons for future surveys
• Dark Energy Survey Year 3 Results: Cosmological constraints from second and third-order shear statistics
• Catalog-level blinding on the bispectrum for DESI-like galaxy surveys