Detecting clusters of galaxies and active galactic nuclei in an eROSITA all-sky survey digital twin

Abstract

The extended ROentgen Survey with an Imaging Telescope Array (eROSITA) onboard the Spectrum-Roentgen-Gamma (SRG) observatory is revolutionizing X-ray astronomy. It provides large samples of active galactic nuclei (AGN) and clusters of galaxies, with the potential of studying X-ray sources and measuring cosmological parameters using X-ray-selected samples with higher precision than ever before. We aim to study the detection, and the selection of AGN and clusters in the first eROSITA all-sky survey (eRASS1), and to characterize the properties of the source catalog. We produced a half-sky eRASS1 simulation, by combining models that truthfully represent the clusters and AGN. In total, we simulated 1 116 758 clusters and 225 583 320 AGN. We ran the standard eROSITA detection algorithm. We matched the input and source catalogs with a photon-based algorithm. We perfectly recovered the bright sources. We detected half of the AGN brighter than 2e-14 erg/s/cm2 as point sources and half of the clusters brighter than 3e-13 erg/s/cm2 as extended in the 0.5-2.0 keV band. We quantified the detection performance in terms of completeness, false detection rate, and contamination. We studied the source catalog according to multiple cuts of detection and extension likelihood. We find that the detection of clusters is mainly driven by flux and exposure. It depends on secondary effects, such as the size of the clusters and their dynamical state. The cool core bias mostly affects faint clusters classified as point sources, while its impact on the extent-selected sample is small. The measured X-ray luminosity of the detected clusters is compatible with the simulated values. We discuss how to best build samples of galaxy clusters for cosmological purposes, accounting for the nonuniform depth of eROSITA. This simulation provides a digital twin of the real eRASS1.

33 pages, 23 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

References in corpus (56)

• SciPy 1.0--Fundamental Algorithms for Scientific Computing in Python
• The Completed SDSS-IV extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey: Cosmological Implications from two Decades of Spectroscopic Surveys at the Apache Point observatory
• The synthesis of the cosmic X-ray background in the Chandra and XMM-Newton era
• The eROSITA X-ray telescope on SRG
• Galaxy Clusters Discovered via the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect in the 2500-square-degree SPT-SZ survey
• Active Galactic Nuclei: what's in a name?
• Second ROSAT all-sky survey (2RXS) source catalogue
• The eROSITA Final Equatorial Depth Survey (eFEDS): The X-ray catalog
• The XMM-Newton wide-field survey in the COSMOS field: VI. Statistical properties of clusters of galaxies
• Weighing the Giants IV: Cosmology and Neutrino Mass
• Obscuration-dependent evolution of Active Galactic Nuclei
• The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: A Catalog of > 4000 Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Galaxy Clusters
• Galaxy clusters discovered with a Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect survey
• KiDS-450 + 2dFLenS: Cosmological parameter constraints from weak gravitational lensing tomography and overlapping redshift-space galaxy clustering
• Dark Energy Survey Year 1 Results: Cosmological Constraints from Cluster Abundances and Weak Lensing
• The galaxy cluster mass scale and its impact on cosmological constraints from the cluster population
• The Uchuu Simulations: Data Release 1 and Dark Matter Halo Concentrations
• Scaling Properties of a Complete X-ray Selected Galaxy Group Sample
• The 400 square degrees ROSAT PSPC galaxy cluster survey: Catalog and statistical calibration
• X-ray Quasi-Periodic Eruptions from two previously quiescent galaxies
• A cluster finding algorithm based on the multiband identification of red sequence galaxies
• Unifying X-ray Scaling Relations from Galaxies to Clusters
• A new method for determining the sensitivity of X-ray imaging observations and the X-ray number counts
• The eROSITA Final Equatorial-Depth Survey (eFEDS): Catalog of galaxy clusters and groups
• The eROSITA Final Equatorial-Depth Survey (eFEDS): Identification and characterization of the counterparts to the point-like sources
• The XMM Large Scale Structure survey: The X-ray pipeline and survey selection function
• SIXTE -- The Generic X-ray Instrument Simulation Toolkit
• X-ray scaling relations for a representative sample of Planck selected clusters observed with XMM-Newton
• AMICO galaxy clusters in KiDS-DR3: cosmological constraints from counts and stacked weak-lensing
• The eROSITA Final Equatorial-Depth Survey (eFEDS): X-ray Observable-to-Mass-and-Redshift Relations of Galaxy Clusters and Groups with Weak-Lensing Mass Calibration from the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program Survey
• Dark Energy Survey Year 3 Results: Measuring the Survey Transfer Function with Balrog
• SPIDERS: the spectroscopic follow-up of X-ray selected clusters of galaxies in SDSS-IV
• Active Galactic Nuclei and their Large-scale Structure: an eROSITA mock catalogue
• HICOSMO - Cosmology with a complete sample of galaxy clusters: I. Data analysis, sample selection and luminosity-mass scaling-relation
• The Blanco Cosmology Survey: An Optically-Selected Galaxy Cluster Catalog and a Public Release of Optical Data Products
• CODEX clusters. The Survey, the Catalog, and Cosmology of the X-ray Luminosity Function
• The eROSITA Final Equatorial Depth Survey (eFEDS): X-ray emission around star-forming and quiescent galaxies at $0.05<z<0.3$
• The eROSITA Final Equatorial-Depth Survey (eFEDS): Galaxy Clusters and Groups in Disguise
• HICOSMO - Cosmology with a complete sample of galaxy clusters: II. Cosmological results
• The eROSITA Final Equatorial-Depth Survey (eFEDS): X-ray Properties and Scaling Relations of Galaxy Clusters and Groups
• Full-sky photon simulation of clusters and active galactic nuclei in the soft X-rays for eROSITA
• Ultra-deep catalog of X-ray groups in the Extended Chandra Deep Field South
• The eROSITA Final Equatorial-Depth Survey (eFEDS): Characterization of Morphological Properties of Galaxy Groups and Clusters
• The XXL survey: XLVI. Forward cosmological analysis of the C1 cluster sample
• Discovery of a Supercluster in the eROSITA Final Equatorial Depth Survey: X-ray Properties, Radio Halo, and Double Relics
• Establishing the X-ray Source Detection Strategy for eROSITA with Simulations
• The mass function dependence on the dynamical state of dark matter haloes
• The eROSITA Final Equatorial-Depth Survey (eFEDS): LOFAR view of brightest cluster galaxies and AGN feedback
• The eROSITA Final Equatorial-Depth Survey (eFEDS). The stellar counterparts of eROSITA sources identified by machine learning and Bayesian algorithms
• Removing Imaging Systematics from Galaxy Clustering Measurements with Obiwan : Application to the SDSS-IV extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey Emission Line Galaxy Sample
• SPIDERS: overview of the X-ray galaxy cluster follow-up and the final spectroscopic data release
• Hiding in Plain Sight - Recovering Clusters of Galaxies with the Strongest AGN in Their Cores
• The environmental dependence of X-ray AGN activity at $z\sim 0.4$
• Clustering of CODEX clusters
• EXSdetect: an end-to-end software for extended source detection in X-ray images: application to Swift-XRT data
• The XXL survey: XLII. Detection and characterization of the galaxy population of distant galaxy clusters in the XXL-N/VIDEO field: A tale of variety

Cited by in corpus (38)

• The SRG/eROSITA all-sky survey: First X-ray catalogues and data release of the western Galactic hemisphere
• The SRG/eROSITA all-sky survey: Cosmology constraints from cluster abundances in the western Galactic hemisphere
• The eROSITA Final Equatorial Depth Survey (eFEDS): X-ray emission around star-forming and quiescent galaxies at $0.05<z<0.3$
• The SRG/eROSITA All-Sky Survey: Dark Energy Survey Year 3 Weak Gravitational Lensing by eRASS1 selected Galaxy Clusters
• Offset between X-ray and optical centers in clusters of galaxies: connecting eROSITA data and simulations
• The cosmic web of X-ray active galactic nuclei seen through the eROSITA Final Equatorial Depth Survey (eFEDS)
• The SRG/eROSITA All-Sky Survey: Constraints on AGN Feedback in Galaxy Groups
• Detecting Galaxy Groups and AGNs populating the local Universe in the eROSITA era
• X-ray emission from a rapidly accreting narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy at z=6.56
• The SRG/eROSITA All-Sky Survey: X-ray beacons at late cosmic dawn
• The SRG/eROSITA All-Sky Survey : Subaru/HSC-SSP weak-lensing mass measurements for the eRASS1 Galaxy Clusters
• The ACT-DR5 MCMF Galaxy Cluster Catalog
• Counterpart identification and classification for eRASS1 and characterisation of the AGN content
• The impact of assembly history on the X-ray detectability of halos. From galaxy groups to galaxy clusters
• Average X-ray properties of galaxy groups. From Milky Way-like halos to massive clusters
• The SRG/eROSITA all-sky survey: The morphologies of clusters of galaxies I: A catalogue of morphological parameters
• The Average Soft X-ray Spectra of eROSITA Active Galactic Nuclei
• The perils of stacking optically selected groups in eROSITA data. The Magneticum perspective
• eRO-ExTra: eROSITA extragalactic non-AGN X-ray transients and variables in eRASS1 and eRASS2
• Test of Cosmic Web-feeding Model for Star Formation in Galaxy Clusters in the COSMOS Field
• Cross-correlation between soft X-rays and galaxies A new benchmark for galaxy evolution models
• Cosmology and Astrophysics with the Diffuse eRASS1 X-ray Angular Power Spectrum
• The eROSITA view on the halo mass-temperature relation: From low-mass groups to massive clusters
• Modelling the selection of galaxy groups with end to end simulations
• The SRG/eROSITA All-Sky Survey. The Weak-Lensing Mass Calibration and the Stellar Mass-to-Halo Mass Relation from the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program
• The First SRG/eROSITA All-Sky Survey. Characterization of clusters of galaxies misclassified in the eRASS1 point source catalog
• The SRG/eROSITA all-sky survey: Hard X-ray selected Active Galactic Nuclei
• Revisiting the X-ray-to-UV relation of Quasars in the era of all-sky surveys
• Galaxy cluster count cosmology with simulation-based inference
• ZTF SN Ia DR2: Impact of the galaxy cluster environment on the stretch distribution of Type Ia supernovae
• The SRG/eROSITA all-sky survey: Constraints on Ultra-light Axion Dark Matter through Galaxy Cluster Number Counts
• XMM-Newton follow-up of a sample of apparent low surface brightness galaxy groups detected in the ROSAT All-Sky Survey
• Bayesian Multi-wavelength Imaging of the LMC SN1987A with SRG/eROSITA
• A comprehensive search for high-velocity X-ray sources: New compact object binary candidates in the Gaia era
• The SRG/eROSITA All-Sky Survey $J$-Band Follow-Up Observations for Selected High-Redshift Galaxy Cluster Candidates
• Searching for Spider-Like Pulsars from TESS Ellipsoidal Lightcurves with X-ray counterparts
• Ultraluminous X-ray sources in the first eROSITA survey I. Candidate catalogs
• Cross-correlations between X-ray clusters and the general galaxy population