Impact of gas based seeding on supermassive black hole populations at $z\ge 7$

Abstract

Deciphering the formation of supermassive black holes~(SMBHs) is a key science goal for upcoming observational facilities. In most theoretical channels proposed so far, the seed formation depends crucially on local gas conditions. We systematically characterize the impact of a range of gas based black hole seeding prescriptions on SMBH populations using cosmological simulations. Seeds of mass $M_{\mathrm{seed}}\sim 10^3-10^6{M}_{\odot }/h$ are placed in halos that exceed critical thresholds for star-forming, metal-poor gas mass and halo mass (defined as ${\tilde{M}}_{\mathrm{sf},\mathrm{mp}}$ and ${\tilde{M}}_{\mathrm{h}}$, respectively, in units of $M_{\mathrm{seed}}$). We quantify the impact of these parameters on the properties of $z\ge 7$ SMBHs. Lower seed masses produce much higher BH merger rates (by factors of $\sim 10$ and $\sim 1000$ at $z\sim 7$ and $z\sim 15$, respectively). For fixed seed mass, we find that ${\tilde{M}}_{\mathrm{h}}$ has the strongest impact on the BH population at high redshift ($z\gtrsim 15$, where a factor of 10 increase in ${\tilde{M}}_{\mathrm{h}}$ suppresses merger rates by $\gtrsim 100$). At lower redshift ($z\lesssim 15$), we find that ${\tilde{M}}_{\mathrm{sf},\mathrm{mp}}$ has a larger impact on the BH population. Increasing ${\tilde{M}}_{\mathrm{sf},\mathrm{mp}}$ from $5-150$ suppresses the merger rates by factors of $\sim 8$ at $z\sim 7-15$. This suggests that the seeding criteria explored here could leave distinct imprints on the redshift distribution of LISA merger rates. In contrast, AGN luminosity functions are much less sensitive to seeding criteria, varying by factors $\lesssim 2-3$ within the seed parameters we have explored. Such variations will be challenging to probe even with future sensitive instruments such as Lynx or JWST. Overall, our systematic parameter study provides a useful benchmark for development of seed models for large-volume cosmological simulations.

arXiv comment25 pages, 23 figures

References in corpus (137)

• Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters
• Galactic Stellar and Substellar Initial Mass Function
• A Fundamental Relation Between Supermassive Black Holes and Their Host Galaxies
• Coevolution (Or Not) of Supermassive Black Holes and Host Galaxies
• The Demography of Massive Dark Objects in Galaxy Centres
• A Relationship Between Nuclear Black Hole Mass and Galaxy Velocity Dispersion
• The EAGLE project: Simulating the evolution and assembly of galaxies and their environments
• E pur si muove: Galiliean-invariant cosmological hydrodynamical simulations on a moving mesh
• Cosmological SPH simulations: A hybrid multi-phase model for star formation
• Introducing the Illustris Project: Simulating the coevolution of dark and visible matter in the Universe
• Simulating Galaxy Formation with the IllustrisTNG Model
• The James Webb Space Telescope
• First results from the IllustrisTNG simulations: matter and galaxy clustering
• Toward a halo mass function for precision cosmology: the limits of universality
• First results from the IllustrisTNG simulations: the stellar mass content of groups and clusters of galaxies
• First results from the IllustrisTNG simulations: the galaxy color bimodality
• Local Supermassive Black Holes, Relics of Active Galactic Nuclei and the X-ray Background
• A luminous quasar at a redshift of z = 7.085
• Properties of galaxies reproduced by a hydrodynamic simulation
• First results from the IllustrisTNG simulations: A tale of two elements -- chemical evolution of magnesium and europium
• Simulating galaxy formation with black hole driven thermal and kinetic feedback
• Simba: Cosmological Simulations with Black Hole Growth and Feedback
• An Observational Determination of the Bolometric Quasar Luminosity Function
• An 800-million-solar-mass black hole in a significantly neutral Universe at redshift 7.5
• First results from the IllustrisTNG simulations: radio haloes and magnetic fields
• Introducing the Illustris Project: the evolution of galaxy populations across cosmic time
• First Results from the TNG50 Simulation: Galactic outflows driven by supernovae and black hole feedback
• A model for cosmological simulations of galaxy formation physics
• Massive Black Holes as Population III Remnants
• A Survey of z>5.8 Quasars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey I: Discovery of Three New Quasars and the Spatial Density of Luminous Quasars at z~6
• First Results from the TNG50 Simulation: The evolution of stellar and gaseous disks across cosmic time
• Formation of Supermassive Black Holes by Direct Collapse in Pregalactic Halos
• Supermassive Black Holes in Galactic Nuclei: Past, Present and Future Research
• Relations Between Central Black Hole Mass and Total Galaxy Stellar Mass in the Local Universe
• Multi-scale initial conditions for cosmological simulations
• Formation of the First Supermassive Black Holes
• An ultra-luminous quasar with a twelve-billion-solar-mass black hole at redshift 6.30
• The Illustris simulation: the evolving population of black holes across cosmic time
• Simulations of Early Structure Formation: Primordial Gas Clouds
• The Auriga Project: the properties and formation mechanisms of disc galaxies across cosmic time
• Dwarf Galaxies with Optical Signatures of Active Massive Black Holes
• Self-Consistent Models of the AGN and Black Hole Populations: Duty Cycles, Accretion Rates, and the Mean Radiative Efficiency
• The Illustris Simulation: Public Data Release
• The Horizon-AGN simulation: morphological diversity of galaxies promoted by AGN feedback
• Pair-Instability Supernovae, Gravity Waves, and Gamma-Ray Transients
• Piecing Together the X-ray Background: Bolometric Corrections for Active Galactic Nuclei
• Supermassive black holes and their feedback effects in the IllustrisTNG simulation
• The optical morphologies of galaxies in the IllustrisTNG simulation: a comparison to Pan-STARRS observations
• A Luminous Quasar at Redshift 7.642
• Cosmological simulations of black hole growth: AGN luminosities and downsizing
• The Arepo public code release
• Super-massive Black Hole Demography: the Match between the Local and Accreted Mass Functions
• The MassiveBlack-II Simulation: The Evolution of Halos and Galaxies to z~0
• The Milky Way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2
• The Romulus Cosmological Simulations: A Physical Approach to the Formation, Dynamics and Accretion Models of SMBHs
• The evolution of massive black hole seeds
• The Bolometric Quasar Luminosity Function at z = 0-7
• The Formation and Evolution of Massive Black Holes
• A synthesis model for AGN evolution: supermassive black holes growth and feedback modes
• Obscuration-dependent evolution of Active Galactic Nuclei
• The Size Evolution of Star-forming and Quenched Galaxies in the IllustrisTNG simulation
• Magnetohydrodynamics on an unstructured moving grid
• The star-formation activity of IllustrisTNG galaxies: main sequence, UVJ diagram, quenched fractions, and systematics
• Cold flows and the first quasars
• The cosmic evolution of massive black holes in the Horizon-AGN simulation
• An Analytic Model of Angular Momentum Transport by Gravitational Torques: From Galaxies to Massive Black Holes
• The evolution of massive black holes and their spins in their galactic hosts
• Gravitational torque-driven black hole growth and feedback in cosmological simulations
• The Halo Mass Function: High-Redshift Evolution and Universality
• The Horizon-AGN simulation: evolution of galaxy properties over cosmic time
• Blossoms from black hole seeds: properties and early growth regulated by supernova feedback
• Formation of massive black holes in rapidly growing pre-galactic gas clouds
• The evolution of the mass-metallicity relation in IllustrisTNG
• The Formation of Primary Galactic Nuclei during Phase Transitions in the Early Universe
• Journey to the M_BH -sigma relation: the fate of low mass black holes in the Universe
• The BlueTides Simulation: First Galaxies and Reionization
• Clusters of primordial black holes
• The imprint of massive black hole formation models on the LISA data stream
• Primordial Structure of Massive Black Hole Clusters
• Off the Beaten Path: A New Approach to Realistically Model The Orbital Decay of Supermassive Black Holes in Galaxy Formation Simulations
• Supermassive black holes in cosmological simulations I: M_BH-M_star relation and black hole mass function
• The Observational Signatures of Supermassive Black Hole Seeds
• SMBH Formation via Gas Accretion in Nuclear Stellar Clusters
• Primordial seeds of supermassive black holes
• Constraining the high redshift formation of black hole seeds in nuclear star clusters with gas inflows
• Blowing cold flows away: the impact of early AGN activity on the formation of a brightest cluster galaxy progenitor
• Unveiling the first black holes with JWST: multi-wavelength spectral predictions
• The Hestia project: simulations of the Local Group
• Sausage & Mash: The dual origin of the Galactic thick disc and halo from the gas-rich Gaia-Enceladus-Sausage merger
• Black hole mergers from dwarf to massive galaxies with the NewHorizon and Horizon-AGN simulations
• Very high redshift quasars and the rapid emergence of super-massive black holes
• The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna: Unveiling the Millihertz Gravitational Wave Sky
• High-redshift formation and evolution of central massive objects II: The census of BH seeds
• The hierarchical assembly of galaxies and black holes in the first billion years: predictions for the era of gravitational wave astronomy
• The First Massive Black Hole Seeds and Their Hosts
• The Growth of Black Holes from Population III Remnants in the Renaissance Simulations
• The Growth Efficiency of High-Redshift Black Holes
• Quiescence correlates strongly with directly-measured black hole mass in central galaxies
• Supermassive Star Formation via Super Competitive Accretion in Slightly Metal-enriched Clouds
• Population III Stars and Remnants in High Redshift Galaxies
• The Black Hole -- Bulge Mass Relation including Dwarf Galaxies Hosting Active Galactic Nuclei
• The Direct Collapse of a Massive Black Hole Seed Under the Influence of an Anisotropic Lyman-Werner Source
• The Horizon Run 5 Cosmological Hydrodynamic Simulation: Probing Galaxy Formation from Kilo- to Giga-parsec Scales
• Linking galaxy structural properties and star formation activity to black hole activity with IllustrisTNG
• On the inconsistency between the black hole mass function inferred from M_bh-sigma and M_bh-L correlation
• The Spitzer mid-infrared AGN survey. II-the demographics and cosmic evolution of the AGN population
• Updating the (Supermassive Black Hole Mass) - (Spiral Arm Pitch Angle) Relation: A Strong Correlation for Galaxies with Pseudobulges
• Semi-implicit anisotropic cosmic ray transport on an unstructured moving mesh
• The colors of satellite galaxies in the Illustris Simulation
• The Effects of AGN Feedback on Present-Day Galaxy Properties in Cosmological Simulations
• Kinetic and radiative power from optically thin accretion flows
• Signatures of primordial black holes as seeds of supermassive black holes
• Witnessing the birth of a supermassive protostar
• Properties of simulated galaxies and supermassive black holes in cosmic voids
• The Formation of Supermassive Black Holes from Population III.1 Seeds. I. Cosmic Formation Histories and Clustering Properties
• Chasing the observational signatures of seed black holes at z > 7: candidate observability
• Chasing the observational signatures of seed black holes at z > 7: candidate statistics
• Black Hole Demography: From scaling relations to models
• Formation of supermassive black hole seeds in nuclear star clusters via gas accretion and runaway collisions
• Direct Collapse to Supermassive Black Hole Seeds with Radiative Transfer: Isolated Halos
• The descendants of the first quasars in the BlueTides simulation
• Infrared signature of active massive black holes in nearby dwarf galaxies
• Structural and photometric properties of barred galaxies from the Auriga cosmological simulations
• BlueTides simulation: establishing black hole-galaxy relations at high-redshift
• Direct collapse to supermassive black hole seeds: the critical conditions for suppression of ${\mathrm{H}}_2$ cooling
• The Kinematics and Dark Matter Fractions of TNG50 Galaxies at z=2 from an Observational Perspective
• The local black hole mass function derived from the M_{BH}-P and the M_{BH}-n relations
• Sowing black hole seeds: Direct collapse black hole formation with realistic Lyman-Werner radiation in cosmological simulations
• Cosmological simulations of massive black hole seeds: predictions for next generation electromagnetic and gravitational wave observations
• The Illustris Simulation: Supermassive Black Hole - Galaxy Connection Beyond the Bulge
• Gas outflows from the z= 7.54 quasar : predictions from the BlueTides Simulation
• The host galaxies of z=7 quasars: predictions from the BlueTides simulation
• Effect of mass loss due to stellar winds on the formation of supermassive black hole seeds in dense nuclear star clusters
• A tiny host galaxy for the first giant black hole: $z=7.5$ quasar in BlueTides
• A practical guide to the massive black hole cosmic history
• AGNs at the cosmic dawn: predictions for future surveys from a $\Lambda$CDM cosmological model
• Testing the fidelity of simulations of black hole - galaxy co-evolution at z ~ 1.5 with observations

Cited by in corpus (5)

• The low-end of the black hole mass function at cosmic dawn
• The importance of black hole repositioning for galaxy formation simulations
• Multi-flavour SMBH seeding and evolution in cosmological environments
• Probing the $z\gtrsim 6$ quasars in a universe with IllustrisTNG physics: Impact of gas-based black hole seeding models
• Impact of gas spin and Lyman-Werner flux on black hole seed formation in cosmological simulations: implications for direct collapse