The Formation of Supermassive Black Holes from Population III.1 Seeds. I. Cosmic Formation Histories and Clustering Properties

Abstract

We calculate cosmic distributions in space and time of the formation sites of the first, "Pop III.1" stars, exploring a model in which these are the progenitors of all supermassive black holes (SMBHs), seen in the centers of most large galaxies. Pop III.1 stars are defined to form from primordial composition gas in dark matter minihalos with $\sim 10^6{M}_{\odot }$ that are isolated from neighboring astrophysical sources by a given isolation distance, $d_{\mathrm{iso}}$. We assume Pop III.1 sources are seeds of SMBHs, based on protostellar support by dark matter annihilation heating that allows them to accrete a large fraction of their minihalo gas, i.e., $\sim 10^5{M}_{\odot }$. Exploring $d_{\mathrm{iso}}$ from $10-100\mathrm{kpc}$ (proper distances), we predict the redshift evolution of Pop III.1 source and SMBH remnant number densities. The local, $z=0$ density of SMBHs constrains $d_{\mathrm{iso}}\lesssim 100\mathrm{kpc}$ (i.e., $3\mathrm{Mpc}$ comoving distance at $z\simeq 30$). In our simulated ($\sim 60\mathrm{Mpc}$)${}^3$ comoving volume, Pop III.1 stars start forming just after $z=40$. Their formation is largely complete by $z\simeq 25$ to $20$ for $d_{\mathrm{iso}}=100$ to $50\mathrm{kpc}$. We follow source evolution to $z=10$, by which point most SMBHs reside in halos with $\gtrsim 10^8{M}_{\odot }$. Over this period, there is relatively limited merging of SMBHs for these values of $d_{\mathrm{iso}}$. We also predict SMBH clustering properties at $z=10$: feedback suppression of neighboring sources leads to relatively flat angular correlation functions.

18 pages, 10 figures, MNRAS accepted

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