Black hole merger rates for LISA and LGWA from semi-analytical modelling of light seeds

Abstract

With the upcoming space- and Moon-based gravitational-wave detectors, LISA and LGWA respectively, a new era of GW astronomy will begin with the possibility of detections of the mergers of intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs) and supermassive black holes (SMBHs). We generate populations of synthetic black hole (BH) binaries with masses ranging from the intermediate ($10^3-10^5{M}_{\odot }$) to the supermassive regime ($>10^5{M}_{\odot }$), formed from the dynamical processes of merging halos and their residing galaxies, assuming that each galaxy is initially seeded with a single black hole at its centre. The aim is to estimate the rate of these BH mergers which could be detected by LISA and LGWA. Using PINOCCHIO cosmological simulation and a semi-analytical model based on GAEA, we construct a population of merging BHs by implementing a "light" seeding scheme and calculating the merging timescales using the Chandrasekhar prescription. We provide upper and lower limits of dynamical friction timescale by varying the mass of the infalling object to create "pessimistic" and "optimistic" merger rates respectively. We find that for our synthetic population of MBHs, both LGWA and LISA are able to detect more than $15$ binary IMBH mergers per year in the optimistic case, while in the pessimistic case less than $\sim 5$ detections would be possible considering the entire lifetime of the detectors. For SMBHs, the rates are slightly lower in both cases. Most mergers below $z\approx 4$ are detected in the optimistic case, although mergers beyond $z=8$ are also detectable at a lower rate. We find that LGWA is better suited for high-SNR IMBH detections at higher redshift, while LISA is more sensitive to massive SMBHs. Joint observations will probe the full BH mass spectrum and constrain BH formation and seeding models.

arXiv commentAccepted for publication in A&A; 14 pages, 11 figures, 1 table

References in corpus (110)

• Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger
• On the variation of the Initial Mass Function
• First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole
• Coevolution (Or Not) of Supermassive Black Holes and Host Galaxies
• Introducing the Illustris Project: Simulating the coevolution of dark and visible matter in the Universe
• The Formation of Galactic Disks
• TianQin: a space-borne gravitational wave detector
• First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole in the Center of the Milky Way
• The Initial Mass Function of Stars: Evidence for Uniformity in Variable Systems
• The NANOGrav 15-year Data Set: Evidence for a Gravitational-Wave Background
• The Formation of the First Star in the Universe
• Physical Models of Galaxy Formation in a Cosmological Framework
• Characterization of the LIGO detectors during their sixth science run
• Revisiting the Scaling Relations of Black Hole Masses and Host Galaxy Properties
• Search for an isotropic gravitational-wave background with the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array
• From dwarf spheroidals to cDs: Simulating the galaxy population in a LCDM cosmology
• Searching for the nano-Hertz stochastic gravitational wave background with the Chinese Pulsar Timing Array Data Release I
• Frequency-domain gravitational waves from non-precessing black-hole binaries. II. A phenomenological model for the advanced detector era
• Massive Black Holes as Population III Remnants
• A unified model for AGN feedback in cosmological simulations of structure formation
• Supermassive Black Holes in Galactic Nuclei: Past, Present and Future Research
• Formation of the First Supermassive Black Holes
• Frequency-domain gravitational waves from non-precessing black-hole binaries. I. New numerical waveforms and anatomy of the signal
• Formation of Supermassive Black Holes
• The formation of massive black holes through collision runaway in dense young star clusters
• Intermediate-Mass Black Holes
• The Assembly of the First Massive Black Holes
• Formation of Galactic Nuclei
• Direct cosmological simulations of the growth of black holes and galaxies
• Large Merger Recoils and Spin Flips From Generic Black-Hole Binaries
• Galactic-Field IMFs of Massive Stars
• The dynamical evolution of massive black hole binaries - I. Hardening in a fixed stellar background
• The Birth of a Galaxy: Primordial Metal Enrichment and Stellar Populations
• Evolution of massive binary black holes
• Dynamical Friction and Galaxy Merging Timescales
• The NANOGrav 15-year Data Set: Observations and Timing of 68 Millisecond Pulsars
• The Physics of Galaxy Clustering I: A Model for Subhalo Populations
• The second data release from the European Pulsar Timing Array I. The dataset and timing analysis
• The abundance and clustering of dark haloes in the standard Lambda CDM cosmogony
• Supermassive Black Hole Formation by Direct Collapse: Keeping Protogalactic Gas H_2--Free in Dark Matter Halos with Virial Temperatures T_vir >~ 10^4 K
• Massive Black Hole Binary Evolution
• The Assembly of Supermassive Black Holes at High Redshifts
• The cosmic evolution of massive black holes in the Horizon-AGN simulation
• The evolution of massive black holes and their spins in their galactic hosts
• The (black hole mass)-(host spheroid luminosity) relation at high and low masses, the quadratic growth of black holes, and intermediate-mass black hole candidates
• The Formation of the First Stars II. Radiative Feedback Processes and Implications for the Initial Mass Function
• Evidence for a fundamental stellar upper mass limit from clustered star formation
• MOCCA Code for Star Cluster Simulations - IV. A new Scenario for Intermediate Mass Black Hole Formation in Globular Clusters
• Massive Black Hole Binary Mergers in Dynamical Galactic Environments
• PINOCCHIO: pinpointing orbit-crossing collapsed hierarchical objects in a linear density field
• Black hole formation in the early universe
• Introducing the NewHorizon simulation: Galaxy properties with resolved internal dynamics across cosmic time
• Black hole growth through hierarchical black hole mergers in dense star clusters: implications for gravitational wave detections
• Efficient Merger of Binary Supermassive Black Holes in Merging Galaxies
• Formation of massive black holes in rapidly growing pre-galactic gas clouds
• Interaction of massive black hole binaries with their stellar environment: I. Ejection of hypervelocity stars
• The Formation of the First Stars I. Mass Infall Rates, Accretion Disk Structure and Protostellar Evolution
• The Destruction of Cosmological Minihalos by Primordial Supernovae
• The First Supernova Explosions in the Universe
• The First Billion Years project - III: The impact of stellar radiation on the coevolution of Populations II and III
• Galaxy assembly, stellar feedback and metal enrichment: the view from the GAEA model
• Two populations of metal-free stars in the early Universe
• The Observational Signatures of Supermassive Black Hole Seeds
• On the number density of "direct collapse" black hole seeds
• Scattering experiments meet N-body I: a practical recipe for the evolution of massive black hole binaries in stellar environments
• From the first stars to the first black holes
• Black hole mergers from dwarf to massive galaxies with the NewHorizon and Horizon-AGN simulations
• GW231123: a Binary Black Hole Merger with Total Mass 190-265 $M_{\odot }$
• MOCCA-SURVEY Database I. Unravelling black hole subsystems in globular clusters
• Massive black hole merger rates: the effect of kpc separation wandering and supernova feedback
• The low-end of the black hole mass function at cosmic dawn
• When did Population III star formation end?
• Lunar Gravitational-Wave Antenna
• Formation of massive seed black holes via collisions and accretion
• Cosmological Simulations of Early Blackhole Formation: Halo Mergers, Tidal Disruption, and the Conditions for Direct Collapse
• How the First Stars Regulated Local Star Formation I: Radiative Feedback
• Supermassive Star Formation via Super Competitive Accretion in Slightly Metal-enriched Clouds
• H${}_2$-based star formation laws in hierarchical models of galaxy formation
• Legacy of star formation in the pre-reionization universe
• Galaxy Rotation and Rapid Supermassive Black Hole Binary Coalescence
• Massive black hole evolution models confronting the n-Hz amplitude of the stochastic gravitational wave background
• Seeding Supermassive Black Holes with Self-Interacting Dark Matter: A Unified Scenario with Baryons
• How important is the dark matter halo for black hole growth?
• Post-Newtonian Evolution of Massive Black Hole Triplets in Galactic Nuclei: I. Numerical Implementation and Tests
• Formation of the first stars and black holes
• Improving fast generation of halo catalogs with higher-order Lagrangian perturbation theory
• From galactic nuclei to the halo outskirts: tracing supermassive black holes across cosmic history and environments
• The Persistence of Population III Star Formation
• GWFish: A simulation software to evaluate parameter-estimation capabilities of gravitational-wave detector networks
• Making a supermassive star by stellar bombardment
• The Rise of Active Galactic Nuclei in the GAlaxy Evolution and Assembly semi-analytic model
• Tracing the Quenching Journey across Cosmic Time
• Size matters: are we witnessing super-Eddington accretion in high-redshift black holes from JWST?
• The dependence of tidal stripping efficiency on the satellite and host galaxy morphology
• Waveform Modelling for the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna
• The Formation of Supermassive Black Holes from Population III.1 Seeds. I. Cosmic Formation Histories and Clustering Properties
• A simple model linking galaxy and dark matter evolution
• Multi-flavour SMBH seeding and evolution in cosmological environments
• Unveiling early black hole growth with multi-frequency gravitational wave observations
• The Lunar Gravitational-wave Antenna: Mission Studies and Science Case
• The growth of intermediate mass black holes through tidal captures and tidal disruption events
• Exploring a primordial solution for early black holes detected with the JWST
• Impact of gas spin and Lyman-Werner flux on black hole seed formation in cosmological simulations: implications for direct collapse
• The seeds of supermassive black holes and the role of local radiation and metal spreading
• The formation of supermassive black holes from Population III.1 seeds. II. Evolution to the local universe
• The Evolution of Sizes and Specific Angular Momenta in Hierarchical Models of Galaxy Formation and Evolution
• Rapid Simulations of Halo and Subhalo Clustering
• Protostellar Feedback Processes and the Mass of the First Stars
• Euclid preparation. Simulating thousands of Euclid spectroscopic skies
• An effective model for the tidal disruption of satellites undergoing minor mergers with axisymmetric primaries