A hidden population of massive black holes in simulated dwarf galaxies

Abstract

We explore the characteristics of actively accreting MBHs within dwarf galaxies in the \textsc{Romulus25} cosmological hydrodynamic simulation. We examine the MBH occupation fraction, x-ray active fractions, and AGN scaling relations within dwarf galaxies of stellar mass $10^8<M_{\mathrm{star}}<10^{10}{M}_{\odot }$ out to redshift $z=2$. In the local universe, the MBH occupation fraction is consistent with observed constraints, dropping below unity at $M_{\mathrm{star}}<3\times 10^{10}{M}_{\odot }$, $M_{200}<3\times 10^{11}{M}_{\odot }$. Local dwarf AGN in \textsc{Romulus25} follow observed scaling relations between AGN x-ray luminosity, stellar mass, and star formation rate, though they exhibit slightly higher active fractions and number densities than comparable x-ray observations. Since $z=2$, the MBH occupation fraction has decreased, the population of dwarf AGN has become overall less luminous, and as a result, the overall number density of dwarf AGN has diminished. We predict the existence of a large population of MBHs in the local universe with low x-ray luminosities and high contamination from x-ray binaries and the hot interstellar medium that are undetectable by current x-ray surveys. These hidden MBHs make up $76\%$ of all MBHs in local dwarf galaxies, and include many MBHs that are undermassive relative to their host galaxy's stellar mass. Their detection relies not only on greater instrument sensitivity but on better modeling of x-ray contaminants or multi-wavelength surveys. Our results indicate dwarf AGN were substantially more active in the past despite being low-luminosity today, and indicate future deep x-ray surveys may uncover many hidden MBHs in dwarf galaxies out to at least $z=2$.

References in corpus (157)

• On the variation of the Initial Mass Function
• Planck 2013 results. XVI. Cosmological parameters
• Coevolution (Or Not) of Supermassive Black Holes and Host Galaxies
• Observational Evidence of AGN Feedback
• A luminous quasar at a redshift of z = 7.085
• Galactic star formation and accretion histories from matching galaxies to dark matter haloes
• Physical Models of Galaxy Formation in a Cosmological Framework
• Simulating galaxy formation with black hole driven thermal and kinetic feedback
• Simba: Cosmological Simulations with Black Hole Growth and Feedback
• The Inner Structure of LambdaCDM Halos I: A Numerical Convergence Study
• First Results from the TNG50 Simulation: Galactic outflows driven by supernovae and black hole feedback
• First Results from the TNG50 Simulation: The evolution of stellar and gaseous disks across cosmic time
• Ahf: Amiga's Halo Finder
• Dancing in the dark: galactic properties trace spin swings along the cosmic web
• Cosmological simulations of the growth of supermassive black holes and feedback from active galactic nuclei: method and tests
• Formation of Supermassive Black Holes by Direct Collapse in Pregalactic Halos
• Relations Between Central Black Hole Mass and Total Galaxy Stellar Mass in the Local Universe
• Formation of Supermassive Black Holes
• An ultra-luminous quasar with a twelve-billion-solar-mass black hole at redshift 6.30
• Star Formation and Feedback in Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamic Simulations--I. Isolated Galaxies
• Intermediate-Mass Black Holes
• The Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA Survey: The alpha.40 HI Source Catalog, its Characteristics and their Impact on the Derivation of the HI Mass Function
• Toward the Standard Population Synthesis Model of the X-Ray Background: Evolution of X-Ray Luminosity and Absorption Functions of Active Galactic Nuclei Including Compton-Thick Populations
• The Illustris simulation: the evolving population of black holes across cosmic time
• Dwarf Galaxies with Optical Signatures of Active Massive Black Holes
• Forming Realistic Late-Type Spirals in a LCDM Universe: The Eris Simulation
• The Horizon-AGN simulation: morphological diversity of galaxies promoted by AGN feedback
• Supermassive black hole formation during the assembly of pre-galactic discs
• Piecing Together the X-ray Background: Bolometric Corrections for Active Galactic Nuclei
• Cosmological simulations of black hole growth: AGN luminosities and downsizing
• A Stellar Mass Threshold for Quenching of Field Galaxies
• The Enrichment of the Intergalactic Medium with Adiabatic Feedback I: Metal Cooling and Metal Diffusion
• Bolometric luminosities and Eddington ratios of X-ray selected Active Galactic Nuclei in the XMM-COSMOS survey
• Mass Functions of the Active Black Holes in Distant Quasars from the Large Bright Quasar Survey, the Bright Quasar Survey, and the Color-Selected Sample of the SDSS Fall Equatorial Stripe
• A New Sample of Low-mass Black Holes in Active Galaxies
• Eddington-limited accretion and the black hole mass function at redshift 6
• The Romulus Cosmological Simulations: A Physical Approach to the Formation, Dynamics and Accretion Models of SMBHs
• Multiwavelength Monitoring of the Dwarf Seyfert 1 Galaxy NGC 4395. I. A Reverberation-Based Measurement of the Black Hole Mass
• The Bolometric Quasar Luminosity Function at z = 0-7
• Active Galactic Nuclei with Candidate Intermediate-Mass Black Holes
• The Formation and Evolution of Massive Black Holes
• Formation of the first nuclear clusters and massive black holes at high redshift
• Obscuration-dependent evolution of Active Galactic Nuclei
• Discovery of three z>6.5 quasars in the VISTA Kilo-degree Infrared Galaxy (VIKING) survey
• The dark nemesis of galaxy formation: why hot haloes trigger black hole growth and bring star formation to an end
• Formation of Primordial Supermassive Stars by Rapid Mass Accretion
• Observational evidence for intermediate-mass black holes
• Gasoline2: A Modern SPH Code
• POX 52: A Dwarf Seyfert 1 Galaxy With An Intermediate-Mass Black Hole
• Black Holes on FIRE: Stellar Feedback Limits Early Feeding of Galactic Nuclei
• Supermassive Black Holes in Elliptical Galaxies: Switching from Very Bright to Very Dim
• Black hole evolution: I. Supernova-regulated black hole growth
• Blossoms from black hole seeds: properties and early growth regulated by supernova feedback
• The Evolution of Normal Galaxy X-ray Emission Through Cosmic History: Constraints from the 6 Ms Chandra Deep Field-South
• Introducing the NewHorizon simulation: Galaxy properties with resolved internal dynamics across cosmic time
• A New Sample of (Wandering) Massive Black Holes in Dwarf Galaxies from High Resolution Radio Observations
• X-ray emission from star-forming galaxies - II. Hot interstellar medium
• Journey to the M_BH -sigma relation: the fate of low mass black holes in the Universe
• Intermediate-mass black holes in dwarf galaxies out to redshift $\sim$ 2.4 in the Chandra COSMOS Legacy Survey
• Reproducing the Stellar Mass/Halo Mass Relation in Simulated LCDM Galaxies: Theory vs Observational Estimates
• X-rays across the galaxy population - II. The distribution of AGN accretion rates as a function of stellar mass and redshift
• Low-mass black holes as the remnants of primordial black hole formation
• Off the Beaten Path: A New Approach to Realistically Model The Orbital Decay of Supermassive Black Holes in Galaxy Formation Simulations
• Formation of supermassive black hole seeds
• The Observational Signatures of Supermassive Black Hole Seeds
• Initial mass function of intermediate mass black hole seeds
• Improved Dynamical Constraints on the Masses of the Central Black Holes in Nearby Low-mass Early-type Galactic Nuclei And the First Black Hole Determination for NGC 205
• Accretion Rate and the Physical Nature of Unobscured Active Galaxies
• The Accretion History of AGN I: Supermassive Black Hole Population Synthesis Model
• A Population of Bona Fide Intermediate Mass Black Holes Identified as Low Luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei
• SMBH Formation via Gas Accretion in Nuclear Stellar Clusters
• The Biases of Optical Line-Ratio Selection for Active Galactic Nuclei, and the Intrinsic Relationship between Black Hole Accretion and Galaxy Star Formation
• Multimessenger Signatures of Massive Black Holes in Dwarf Galaxies
• Fundamental Mass-Spin-Morphology Relation of Spiral Galaxies
• The FABLE simulations: A feedback model for galaxies, groups and clusters
• X-ray constraints on the local supermassive black hole occupation fraction
• Fate of Supermassive Black Holes and Evolution of the M(BH)-sigma Relation in Merging Galaxies: The Effect of Gaseous Dissipation
• Black Holes at the Centers of Nearby Dwarf Galaxies
• Massive black hole factories: Supermassive and quasi-star formation in primordial halos
• Nearby Early-Type Galactic Nuclei at High Resolution: Dynamical Black Hole and Nuclear Star Cluster Mass Measurements
• The erratic dynamical life of black hole seeds in high-redshift galaxies
• Introducing RomulusC: A Cosmological Simulation of a Galaxy Cluster with Unprecedented Resolution
• X-rays across the galaxy population - III. The incidence of AGN as a function of star formation rate
• Supermassive black holes in the EAGLE Universe. Revealing the observables of their growth
• Spitzer Uncovers Active Galactic Nuclei Missed by Optical Surveys in 7 Late-type Galaxies
• Dark Matter Heating and Early Core Formation in Dwarf Galaxies
• Black hole mergers from dwarf to massive galaxies with the NewHorizon and Horizon-AGN simulations
• Feedback by Massive Black Holes in Dwarf Galaxies
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: Evidence of the importance of AGN feedback in low-mass galaxies
• The search for active black holes in nearby low-mass galaxies using optical and mid-IR data
• The Survey of HI in Extremely Low-mass Dwarfs (SHIELD)
• The black hole - bulge mass relation of Active Galactic Nuclei in the Extended Chandra Deep Field - South Survey
• The Discovery of an Active Galactic Nucleus in the Late-type Galaxy NGC 3621: Spitzer Spectroscopic Observations
• Supermassive Seeds for Supermassive Black Holes
• Hidden AGN in dwarf galaxies revealed by MaNGA: light echoes, off-nuclear wanderers, and a new broad-line AGN
• X-rays across the galaxy population I: tracing the main sequence of star formation
• Identifying AGNs in low-mass galaxies via long-term optical variability
• Massive black hole merger rates: the effect of kpc separation wandering and supernova feedback
• X-ray Detected Active Galactic Nuclei in Dwarf Galaxies at $0<z<1$
• A search for optical AGN variability in 35,000 low-mass galaxies with the Palomar Transient Factory
• The Formation of Supermassive Black Holes from Low-Mass Pop III Seeds
• An X-ray Selected Sample of Candidate Black Holes in Dwarf Galaxies
• Multi-epoch Spectroscopy of Dwarf Galaxies with AGN Signatures: Identifying Sources with Persistent Broad H-alpha Emission
• X-ray Detected AGN in SDSS Dwarf Galaxies
• Discovery of a Population of Bulgeless Galaxies with Extremely Red Mid-IR Colors: Obscured AGN Activity in the Low Mass Regime?
• The Metallicity Dependence of the High-Mass X-ray Binary Luminosity Function
• Wandering Supermassive Black Holes in Milky Way Mass Halos
• AGN-Driven Outflows in Dwarf Galaxies
• Escape of ionizing radiation from high redshift dwarf galaxies: role of AGN feedback
• Origins and Demographics of Wandering Black Holes
• AGN feedback in dwarf galaxies?
• The Black Hole in the Most Massive Ultracompact Dwarf Galaxy M59-UCD3
• A little FABLE: exploring AGN feedback in dwarf galaxies with cosmological simulations
• A Sample of Massive Black Holes in Dwarf Galaxies Detected via [Fe X] Coronal Line Emission: Active Galactic Nuclei and/or Tidal Disruption Events
• The Incidence of Active Galactic Nuclei in Pure Disk Galaxies: The Spitzer View
• Toward determining the number of observable supermassive black hole shadows
• AGN in dwarf galaxies: frequency, triggering processes and the plausibility of AGN feedback
• Fast and energetic AGN-driven outflows in simulated dwarf galaxies
• An Accreting Black Hole in the Nuclear Star Cluster of the Bulgeless Galaxy NGC 1042
• X-ray Properties of Intermediate-Mass Black Holes in Active Galaxies. II. X-ray-Bright Accretion and Possible Evidence for Slim Disks
• Exploring the limits of AGN feedback: black holes and the star formation histories of low-mass galaxies
• The Origins of Off-Centre Massive Black Holes in Dwarf Galaxies
• Seeding Black Holes in Cosmological Simulations
• The birth of a supermassive black hole binary
• Tracing Black Hole and Galaxy Co-evolution in the Romulus Simulations
• The Hunt for Intermediate Mass Black Holes in the JWST Era
• Intermediate-Mass Black Hole Growth and Feedback in Dwarf Galaxies at High Redshifts
• A Reverberation-Based Black Hole Mass for MCG-06-30-15
• The Effect of AGN on the Global HI Content of Isolated Low-Mass Galaxies
• The Diagnostic Potential of JWST in Characterizing Elusive AGNs
• Detection of faint broad emission lines in type 2 AGN: II. On the measurement of the BH mass of type 2 AGN and the unified model
• The Incidence of X-ray selected AGN in Nearby Galaxies
• AGN All the Way Down? AGN-like Line Ratios are Common In the Lowest-Mass Isolated Quiescent Galaxies
• Black Hole Growth and Feedback in Isolated Romulus25 Dwarf Galaxies
• Compact massive objects in Virgo galaxies: the black hole population
• Glimmering in the dark: modeling the low-mass end of the $M_{\bullet }-\sigma$ relation and of the quasar luminosity function
• Integral-Field Spectroscopy of Fast Outflows in Dwarf Galaxies with AGN
• Unveiling the Population of Wandering Black Holes via Electromagnetic Signatures
• AGN and their host galaxies in the local Universe: two mass independent Eddington ratio distribution functions characterize black hole growth
• Type 2 AGN host galaxies in the Chandra-COSMOS Legacy Survey: No Evidence of AGN-driven Quenching
• Co-evolution of black hole accretion and star formation in galaxies up to z=3.5
• The role of stellar relaxation in the formation and evolution of the first massive black holes
• X-ray bolometric corrections for Compton-thick active galactic nuclei
• Infrared signature of active massive black holes in nearby dwarf galaxies
• Extending Virial Black Hole Mass Estimates to Low-Luminosity or Obscured AGN: the cases of NGC 4395 and MCG -01-24-012
• A Low-Mass Black Hole in the Nearby Seyfert Galaxy UGC 06728
• Near-Infrared Coronal Line Observations of Dwarf Galaxies hosting AGN-driven Outflows
• IQ Collaboratory II: The Quiescent Fraction of Isolated, Low Mass Galaxies Across Simulations and Observations
• A Chandra and HST View of WISE-Selected AGN Candidates in Dwarf Galaxies
• Hubble Space Telescope Imaging of the Active Dwarf Galaxy RGG 118
• Relics of Supermassive Black Hole Seeds: The Discovery of an Accreting Black Hole in an Optically Normal, Low Metallicity Dwarf Galaxy
• Outflows, Shocks and Coronal Line Emission in a Radio-Selected AGN in a Dwarf Galaxy
• Multi-wavelength observations of SDSS J105621.45+313822.1, a broad-line, low-metallicity AGN
• The host galaxy properties of variability selected AGN in the Pan-STARRS1 Medium-Deep Survey
• On the Prevalence of Super-Massive Black Holes over Cosmic Time
• Merger Histories and Environments of Dwarf AGN in IllustrisTNG
• Bringing faint active galactic nuclei (AGNs) to light: a view from large-scale cosmological simulations

Cited by in corpus (4)

• Two can play at that game: constraining the role of supernova and AGN feedback in dwarf galaxies with cosmological zoom-in simulations
• Population statistics of intermediate mass black holes in dwarf galaxies using the NewHorizon simulation
• Dwarf AGNs from Variability for the Origins of Seeds (DAVOS): Intermediate-mass black hole demographics from optical synoptic surveys
• Orbital and Radiative Properties of Wandering Intermediate-Mass Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation