The Chandra Deep Fields: Lifting the Veil on Distant Active Galactic Nuclei and X-Ray Emitting Galaxies

Abstract

The Chandra Deep Fields (CDFs), being a major thrust among extragalactic X-ray surveys and complemented effectively by multiwavelength observations, have critically contributed to our dramatically improved characterization of the 0.5-8 keV cosmic X-ray background sources, the vast majority of which are distant active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and starburst and normal galaxies. In this review, I highlight some recent key observational results, mostly from the CDFs, on the AGN demography, the interactions between AGNs and their host galaxies, the evolution of non-active galaxy X-ray emission, and the census of X-ray galaxy groups and clusters through cosmic time, after providing the necessary background information. I then conclude by summarizing some significant open questions and discussing future prospects for moving forward.

arXiv commentInvited review accepted for publication in New Astronomy Reviews; 38 pages, 21 figures, 4 tables, 549 references

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• The roadmap for unification in galaxy group selection:. I. A search for extended X-ray emission in the CNOC2 survey
• The deepest X-ray view of high-redshift galaxies: constraints on low-rate black-hole accretion
• Long-Term X-ray Variability of Typical Active Galactic Nuclei in the Distant Universe
• Constraining the UV emissivity of AGN throughout cosmic time via X-ray surveys
• The Faintest X-ray Sources from z=0-8
• The ELAIS Deep X-ray Survey I: Chandra Source Catalogue and First Results
• Heavily Obscured AGN in Star-Forming Galaxies at z~2
• Assessing the redshift evolution of massive black holes and their hosts
• Quasar Black Hole Mass Estimates in the Era of Time Domain Astronomy
• The Chandra Deep Protocluster Survey: Point-Source Catalogs for a 400 ks Observation of the z = 3.09 Protocluster in SSA22
• The XMM-Newton survey of the ELAIS-S1 field. I: Number counts, angular correlation function and X-ray spectral properties
• Obscured AGN at z~1 from the zCOSMOS-Bright Survey I. Selection and Optical Properties of a [Ne v]-selected sample
• ALMA reveals a warm and compact starburst around a heavily obscured supermassive black hole at z=4.75
• The Chandra-COSMOS survey IV: X-ray spectra of the bright sample
• The X-ray Properties of Early-Type Galaxies in the Extended Chandra Deep Field-South
• Low accretion rates at the AGN cosmic downsizing epoch
• Spitzer and Herschel-based SEDs of 24um-bright z~0.3-3.0 starbursts and obscured quasars
• Lifting the Veil on Obscured Accretion: Active Galactic Nuclei Number Counts and Survey Strategies for Imaging Hard X-ray Missions
• AGN X-ray variability in the XMM-COSMOS survey
• The Chandra Deep Field North Survey. IX. Extended X-ray Sources
• The Intrinsic Eddington Ratio Distribution of Active Galactic Nuclei in Star-forming Galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• Tracing the accretion history of supermassive Black Holes through X-ray variability: results from the Chandra Deep Field-South
• Chandra-SDSS Normal and Star-Forming Galaxies I: X-ray Source Properties of Galaxies Detected by Chandra in SDSS DR2
• X-ray variability in a deep, flux limited sample of QSOs
• A Compton-thick AGN at z~5 in the 4 Ms Chandra Deep Field South
• Bulge and Halo Kinematics Across the Hubble Sequence
• Black Hole Mass and Bulge Luminosity for Low-mass Black Holes
• The OPTX Project II: Hard X-ray Luminosity Functions of Active Galactic Nuclei for z<5
• Unveiling a population of galaxies harboring low-mass black holes with X-rays
• The Space Density of High-Redshift QSOs in the GOODS Survey
• Variability Selected Low-Luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei in the 4 Ms Chandra Deep Field-South
• Long-term X-Ray Spectral Variability in AGN from the Palomar sample observed by Swift
• The growth of the nuclear black holes in submillimeter galaxies
• Ensemble X-ray variability of Active Galactic Nuclei. II. Excess Variance and updated Structure Function
• X-ray Spectral Constraints for z~2 Massive Galaxies: The Identification of Reflection-Dominated Active Galactic Nuclei
• Calibration update of the COMBO-17 CDFS catalogue
• GEMS Survey Data and Catalog
• The merger fraction of active and inactive galaxies in the local Universe through an improved non-parametric classification
• Ensemble X-ray variability of Active Galactic Nuclei from serendipitous source catalogues
• The near-IR $M_{bh}$ - L and $M_{bh}$ - n relations
• Star Formation in Luminous Quasars at 2<z<3
• X-ray selected AGN Hosts are Similar to Inactive Galaxies out to z=3: Results from CANDELS/CDF-S
• SPICES II. Optical and Near-Infrared Identifications of Faint X-Ray Sources from Deep Chandra Observations of Lynx
• The `harder when brighter' X-ray behaviour of the low luminosity active galactic nucleus NGC 7213
• The 5 - 10 keV AGN luminosity function at 0.01<z<4.0
• The Host Galaxies and Black Holes of Typical z~0.5-1.4 AGN
• The NuSTAR Extragalactic Surveys: First Direct Measurements of the >10 keV X-Ray Luminosity Function for Active Galactic Nuclei at z>0.1
• Tracking Down the Source Population Responsible for the Unresolved Cosmic 6-8 keV Background
• The OPTX Project I: The Flux and Redshift Catalogs for the CLANS, CLASXS, and CDF-N fields
• PRIMUS: An observationally motivated model to connect the evolution of the AGN and galaxy populations out to z~1
• Studying the relationship between X-ray emission and accretion in AGNs using the XMM-Newton Bright Serendipitous Survey
• Black hole accretion preferentially occurs in gas rich galaxies
• A long term study of AGN X-ray variability. Structure function analysis on a ROSAT-XMM quasar sample
• AGN-Host Connection at 0.5 < z < 2.5: A rapid evolution of AGN fraction in red galaxies during the last 10 Gyr
• Inferences on the Relations Between Central Black Hole Mass and Total Galaxy Stellar Mass in the high-redshift Universe
• X-ray Bright Active Galactic Nuclei in Massive Galaxy Clusters II: The Fraction of Galaxies Hosting Active Nuclei
• Chandra and XMM Observations of Type II Quasars from the SDSS
• The XMM-LSS survey: The XMDS/VVDS 4 sigma catalogue
• The distribution of absorption in AGN detected in the XMM-Newton observations of the CDFS
• The Two-dimensional XMM-Newton Group Survey: z<0.012 groups
• The central parsecs of active galactic nuclei: challenges to the torus
• Limits on the high redshift growth of massive black holes
• The X-ray emission of Lyman break galaxies
• The Chandra Deep Field-North Survey: XVII. Evolution of magnetic activity in old late-type stars
• A new extensive catalog of optically variable AGN in the GOODS Fields and a new statistical approach to variability selection
• The long-term X-ray variability properties of AGN in the Lockman Hole region
• The WIRCAM Deep Infrared Cluster Survey I: Groups and Clusters at z > 1.1
• Ultra-deep catalog of X-ray groups in the Extended Chandra Deep Field South
• No evidence of obscured, accreting black holes in most z=6 star-forming galaxies
• Spectrum of the unresolved cosmic X ray background: what is unresolved 50 years after its discovery
• Compton Thick AGN in the 70 Month Swift-BAT All-Sky Hard X-ray Survey: a Bayesian approach
• Herschel/HerMES: The X-ray - Infrared correlation for star-forming galaxies at z~1
• The NuSTAR Extragalactic Surveys: Initial Results and Catalog from the Extended Chandra Deep Field South
• Observational constraints on the co-evolution of supermassive black holes and galaxies
• Chandra counterparts of CANDELS GOODS-S sources
• Modeling the Redshift Evolution of the Normal Galaxy X-ray Luminosity Function
• Low-Level Nuclear Activity in Nearby Spiral Galaxies
• A new technique to efficiently select Compton-thick AGN
• Does the AGN Unified Model Evolve with Redshift? Utilizing the X-ray Background to Predict the Mid-Infrared Emission of AGN
• Variability-selected active galactic nuclei from supernova search in the Chandra deep field south
• "Revealing a Population of Heavily Obscured Active Galactic Nuclei at z=0.5-1 in the Chandra Deep Field-South
• The Host Galaxies of X-ray Quasars Are Not Strong Star Formers
• The quest for Type 2 quasars: Chandra observations of luminous obscured quasars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• X-ray Bright Active Galactic Nuclei in Massive Galaxy Clusters I: Number Counts and Spatial Distribution
• Eddington ratio Distribution of X-ray selected broad-line AGNs at 1.0<z<2.2
• X-ray bright active galactic nuclei in massive galaxy clusters III: New insights into the triggering mechanisms of cluster AGN
• The X-ray Luminosity Functions of Field Low Mass X-ray Binaries in Early-Type Galaxies: Evidence for a Stellar Age Dependence
• An X-ray Detected Group of Quiescent Early-type Galaxies at z=1.6 in the Chandra Deep Field South
• X-ray Flares from Markarian 501
• Simulating the timescale dependent color variation in quasars with a revised inhomogeneous disk model
• The high-redshift (z>3) AGN population in the 4 Ms Chandra Deep Field South
• The Chandra COSMOS Legacy survey: the z>3 sample
• An enhanced fraction of starbursting galaxies among high Eddington ratio AGNs
• The sub-mJy radio population of the E-CDFS: optical and infrared counterpart identification
• The Radio - X-ray relation as a star formation indicator: Results from the VLA--E-CDFS Survey
• An X-ray Selected Galaxy Cluster in the Lockman Hole at Redshift 1.753
• The Contribution of z<6 Sources to the Spatial Coherence in the Unresolved Cosmic near-Infrared and X-ray Backgrounds
• Linking the X-ray and infrared properties of star-forming galaxies at z<1.5
• Exploratory X-ray Monitoring of Luminous Radio-Quiet Quasars at High Redshift: Initial Results
• Evidence for Black Hole Growth in Local Analogs to Lyman Break Galaxies
• The Largest X-ray Selected Sample of z>3 AGNs: C-COSMOS & ChaMP
• Supermassive Black-Hole Growth Over Cosmic Time: Active Galaxy Demography, Physics, and Ecology from Chandra Surveys
• Obscuration in the Host Galaxies of Soft X-ray Selected Seyferts
• A New Sample of Candidate Intermediate-Mass Black Holes Selected by X-ray Variability
• A comparative analysis of virial black-hole mass estimates of moderate-luminosity active galactic nuclei using Subaru/FMOS
• Unresolved X-ray background: clues on galactic nuclear activity at z>6
• Hard X-ray selected AGNs in low-mass galaxies from the NuSTAR serendipitous survey
• Short Timescale AGN X-ray Variability with EXOSAT: Black hole mass and Normalised Variability Amplitude
• On the Lx-L6micron ratio as a diagnostic for Compton-thick AGN
• NuSTAR J033202-2746.8: direct constraints on the Compton reflection in a heavily obscured quasar at z~2
• What triggers black-hole growth? Insights from star formation rates
• Photometric Redshifts in the Hawaii-Hubble Deep Field-North (H-HDF-N)
• The extended X-ray emission around HDF130 at z=1.99: an inverse Compton ghost of a giant radio source in the Chandra Deep Field North
• AGNs as main contributors to the UV ionizing emissivity at high redshifts: predictions from a Lambda-CDM model with linked AGN/galaxy evolution
• Hard X-ray photon index as an indicator of bolometric correction in active galactic nuclei
• The Properties and Redshift Evolution of Intermediate-Luminosity Off-Nuclear X-ray Sources in the Chandra Deep Fields
• Obscured Active Galactic Nuclei triggered in compact star-forming galaxies
• SUDARE-VOICE variability-selection of Active Galaxies in the Chandra Deep Field South and the SERVS/SWIRE region
• An upper limit on the mass of the black hole in Ursa Minor dwarf galaxy
• Herschel observed Stripe 82 quasars and their host galaxies: connections between the AGN activity and the host galaxy star formation
• The space density of Compton-thick AGN at z~0.8 in the zCOSMOS-Bright Survey
• X-ray AGN in the XMM-LSS galaxy clusters: no evidence of AGN suppression
• Radiation pressure, absorption and AGN feedback in the Chandra Deep Fields
• Comoving Space Density and Obscured Fraction of High-Redshift Active Galactic Nuclei in the Subaru/{\it XMM-Newton} Deep Survey
• X-ray observations of highly obscured 9.7 micron sources: an efficient method for selecting Compton-thick AGN ?
• Classification and environmental properties of X-ray selected point-like sources in the XMM-LSS field
• On the contribution of active galactic nuclei to reionization (Research Note)
• Spectroscopic identifications of Spitzer sources in the SWIRE/XMM-NEWTON/ELAIS-S1 field: a large fraction of Active Galactic Nuclei with high F(24micron)/F(R) ratio
• Cross-correlation between X-ray and optical/near-infrared background intensity fluctuations
• Lower Mass Black Holes in the GOODS? Off-nuclear X-ray Sources
• Structure and morphology of X-ray selected AGN hosts at 1<z<3 in CANDELS-COSMOS field
• Clusters, Groups, and Filaments in the Chandra Deep Field-South up to Redshift 1
• Host Galaxies of the High-redshift AGNs in the GOODS Fields
• A Joint Model of the X-ray And Infrared Extragalactic Backgrounds: I. Model Construction And First Results
• Higher prevalence of X-ray selected AGN in intermediate age galaxies up to z~1
• X-ray Groups of Galaxies at 0.5<z<1 in zCOSMOS: Increased AGN Activities in High Redshift Groups
• The XXL Survey: XII. Optical spectroscopy of X-ray-selected clusters and the frequency of AGN in superclusters
• Low-Mass Active Galactic Nuclei with Rapid X-Ray Variability
• Constraining black hole masses in low-accreting AGN using X-ray spectra
• Mining for normal galaxies in the First XMM-Newton Serendipitous Source Catalog
• The Swift X-ray Telescope Cluster Survey III: Cluster Catalog from 2005-2012 Archival Data
• The Cosmic History of Hot Gas Cooling and Radio AGN Activity in Massive Early-Type Galaxies
• X-Ray Emitting Active Galactic Nuclei from z = 0.6-1.3 in the Intermediate and High-Density Environments of the ORELSE Survey
• Spectroscopic follow-up of variability-selected active galactic nuclei in the Chandra Deep Field South
• An Accretion Disc-Irradiation Hybrid Model for The Optical/UV Variability in Radio-Quiet Quasars
• A Joint Model Of X-ray And Infrared Backgrounds. II. Compton-Thick AGN Abundance
• The X-ray Properties of Million Solar Mass Black Holes
• X-ray Spectral Variability of TeV Blazars during Rapid Flares
• Using Leaked Power to Measure Intrinsic AGN Power Spectra of Red-Noise Time Series
• The Stellar Mass - Halo Mass Relation for Low Mass X-ray Groups at 0.5<z<1 in the CDFS with CSI
• The Taiwan ECDFS Near-Infrared Survey: Very Bright End of the Luminosity Function at z>7
• X-ray stacking of Lyman break galaxies in the 4\,Ms CDF-S - X-ray luminosities and star formation rates across cosmic time
• The X-Ray Zurich Environmental Study (X-ZENS). II. X-ray Observations of the Diffuse Intragroup Medium in Galaxy Groups

Cited by in corpus (40)

• Active Galactic Nuclei Feedback in an Elliptical Galaxy with the Most Updated AGN Physics (I): Low-angular Momentum Case
• A magnetar-powered X-ray transient as the aftermath of a binary neutron-star merger
• The XMM-SERVS survey: new XMM-Newton point-source catalog for the XMM-LSS field
• The Host-Galaxy Properties of Type 1 Versus Type 2 Active Galactic Nuclei
• EUCLIA - Exploring the UV/optical continuum lag in active galactic nuclei. I. a model without light echoing
• Spectral Energy Distributions in Three Deep-Drilling Fields of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time: Source Classification and Galaxy Properties
• The XMM-SERVS survey: XMM-Newton point-source catalogs for the W-CDF-S and ELAIS-S1 fields
• Piercing Through Highly Obscured and Compton-thick AGNs in the Chandra Deep Fields: I. X-ray Spectral and Long-term Variability Analyses
• Does black-hole growth depend on the cosmic environment?
• Dwarf AGNs from Optical Variability for the Origins of Seeds (DAVOS): Insights from the Dark Energy Survey Deep Fields
• The Chandra Deep Wide-Field Survey: A New Chandra Legacy Survey in the Boötes Field I. X-ray Point Source Catalog, Number Counts and Multi-Wavelength Counterparts
• Dwarf AGNs from Variability for the Origins of Seeds (DAVOS): Intermediate-mass black hole demographics from optical synoptic surveys
• JWST/MIRI Simulated Imaging: Insights into Obscured Star-Formation and AGN for Distant Galaxies in Deep Surveys
• Calibrating Mg II-based black-hole mass estimators using Low-to-High-Luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei
• An FMOS Survey of moderate-luminosity broad-line AGN in COSMOS, SXDS and E-CDF-S
• Searching for fast extragalactic X-ray transients in Chandra surveys
• X-ray properties and obscured fraction of AGN in the J1030 Chandra field
• Scientific Objectives of the Hot Universe Baryon Surveyor (HUBS) Mission
• The Stellar Age Dependence of X-ray Emission from Normal Star-Forming Galaxies in the GOODS Fields
• Piercing through Highly Obscured and Compton-thick AGNs in the Chandra Deep Fields. II. Are Highly Obscured AGNs the Missing Link in the Merger-Triggered AGN-Galaxy Coevolution Models?
• Variability-selected low-luminosity active galactic nuclei candidates in the 7 Ms Chandra Deep Field-South
• The environmental dependence of X-ray AGN activity at $z\sim 0.4$
• VLBA+GBT observations of the COSMOS field and radio source counts at 1.4 GHz
• Quasars at intermediate redshift are not special; but they are often satellites
• Surveys of the Cosmic X-ray Background
• [OIII] 5007A Emission Line Width as a Surrogate for stellar dispersion in Type 1 AGNs?
• Dark Energy Survey Identification of A Low-Mass Active Galactic Nucleus at Redshift 0.823 from Optical Variability
• New JWST redshifts for the host galaxies of CDF-S XT1 and XT2: understanding their nature
• The role of SPICA-like missions and the Origins Space Telescope in the quest for heavily obscured AGN and synergies with Athena
• The composite X-ray spectrum of 3CRR Quasars
• Galaxy Properties Derived with Spectral Energy Distribution Fitting in the Hawaii-Hubble Deep Field-North
• Photometric Selection of type 1 Quasars in the XMM-LSS Field with Machine Learning and the Disk-Corona Connection
• The Dawn of Black Holes
• X-ray Unveiling Events in a z~1.6 Active Galactic Nucleus in the 7 Ms Chandra Deep Field-South
• Narrow [O III] emission lines as a potential proxy for the evolutionary stage of quasars
• Constraining the baryon loading factor of AGN jets: implication from the gamma-ray emission of the Coma cluster
• A unique distant submillimeter galaxy with an X-ray-obscured radio-luminous active galactic nucleus
• Identifying Compton-thick active galactic nuclei in the COSMOS. II. Searching among mid-infrared selected AGNs
• The Faintest, Extremely Variable X-ray Tidal Disruption Event from a Supermassive Black Hole Binary?
• The $\text{NuSTAR}$ Extragalactic Surveys: Source Catalogs from the Extended $\text{Chandra}$ Deep Field-South and the $\text{Chandra}$ Deep Field-North