Energy Feedback from X-ray Binaries in the Early Universe

Abstract

X-ray photons, because of their long mean-free paths, can easily escape the galactic environments where they are produced, and interact at long distances with the inter-galactic medium, potentially having a significant contribution to the heating and reionization of the early Universe. The two most important sources of X-ray photons in the Universe are active galactic nuclei (AGN) and X-ray binaries (XRBs). In this Letter we use results from detailed, large scale population synthesis simulations to study the energy feedback of XRBs, from the first galaxies (z~ 20) until today. We estimate that X-ray emission from XRBs dominates over AGN at z>6-8. The shape of the spectral energy distribution of the emission from XRBs shows little change with redshift, in contrast to its normalization which evolves by ~4 orders of magnitude, primarily due to the evolution of the cosmic star-formation rate. However, the metallicity and the mean stellar age of a given XRB population affect significantly its X-ray output. Specifically, the X-ray luminosity from high-mass XRBs per unit of star-formation rate varies an order of magnitude going from solar metallicity to less than 10% solar, and the X-ray luminosity from low-mass XRBs per unit of stellar mass peaks at an age of ~300 Myr and then decreases gradually at later times, showing little variation for mean stellar ages > 3 Gyr. Finally, we provide analytical and tabulated prescriptions for the energy output of XRBs, that can be directly incorporated in cosmological simulations.

Accepted for publication to ApJ Letters, 6 pages, 2 figures, 2 table. Significant changes to figure 2b

References in corpus (12)

• An Observational Determination of the Bolometric Quasar Luminosity Function
• The morphology of HII regions during reionization
• The Luminosity Function of X-ray Selected Active Galactic Nuclei: Evolution of Supermassive Black Holes at High Redshift
• 21 cm fluctuations from inhomogeneous X-ray heating before reionization
• Studying Reionization with Ly-alpha Emitters
• Feedback and the Structure of Simulated Galaxies at redshift z=2
• Evidence for Elevated X-ray Emission in Local Lyman Break Galaxy Analogs
• Spectral and Fourier analyses of X-ray QPO in accreting black holes
• Orbital Period and Outburst Luminosity of Transient Low Mass X-ray Binaries
• Models for Low-Mass X-Ray Binaries in the Elliptical Galaxies NGC3379 and NGC4278: Comparison with Observations
• Transient Low-Mass X-Ray Binary Populations in Elliptical Galaxies NGC 3379 and NGC 4278
• The galaxy luminosity function and its evolution with Chandra

Cited by in corpus (172)

• The Birth of a Galaxy - III. Propelling reionisation with the faintest galaxies
• Radiation Backgrounds at Cosmic Dawn: X-Rays from Compact Binaries
• Observational evidence for intermediate-mass black holes
• Massive runaways and walkaway stars
• The Evolution of Normal Galaxy X-ray Emission Through Cosmic History: Constraints from the 6 Ms Chandra Deep Field-South
• The observable signature of late heating of the Universe during cosmic reionization
• Intermediate-mass black holes in dwarf galaxies out to redshift $\sim$ 2.4 in the Chandra COSMOS Legacy Survey
• Fitting AGN/galaxy X-ray-to-radio SEDs with CIGALE and improvement of the code
• Charting the Parameter Space of the Global 21-cm Signal
• Hubble Frontier Fields First Complete Cluster Data: Faint Galaxies at $z\sim 5-10$ for UV Luminosity Functions and Cosmic Reionization
• Constraining Baryon--Dark Matter Scattering with the Cosmic Dawn 21-cm Signal
• HERA Phase I Limits on the Cosmic 21-cm Signal: Constraints on Astrophysics and Cosmology During the Epoch of Reionization
• Ultraluminous X-ray sources
• The X-ray spectra of the first galaxies: 21cm signatures
• POSYDON: A General-Purpose Population Synthesis Code with Detailed Binary-Evolution Simulations
• The Global 21-cm Signal in the Context of the High-z Galaxy Luminosity Function
• Constraining the metallicities, ages, star formation histories, and ionizing continua of extragalactic massive star populations
• X-ray binaries as the origin of nebular HeII emission in low-metallicity star-forming galaxies
• X-ray Binary Luminosity Function Scaling Relations for Local Galaxies Based on Subgalactic Modeling
• The Impact of the First Galaxies on Cosmic Dawn and Reionization
• A population of intermediate-mass black holes in dwarf starburst galaxies up to redshift=1.5
• The Rise of the First Stars: Supersonic Streaming, Radiative Feedback, and 21-cm Cosmology
• 21 cm signal from cosmic dawn: Imprints of spin temperature fluctuations and peculiar velocities
• Constraining primordial black holes as dark matter using the global 21-cm signal with X-ray heating and excess radio background
• Enhanced X-ray emission from Lyman Break Analogues and a Possible $L_{\mathrm{X}}$--SFR--Metallicity Plane
• Decoding the X-ray Properties of Pre-Reionization Era Sources
• High Mass X-ray Binaries and the Cosmic 21-cm Signal: Impact of Host Galaxy Absorption
• A census of ultraluminous X-ray sources in the local Universe
• The Metallicity Dependence of the High-Mass X-ray Binary Luminosity Function
• Interpreting LOFAR 21-cm signal upper limits at z~9.1 in the context of high-z galaxy and reionisation observations
• The properties of He II 1640 emitters at z ~ 2.5-5 from the VANDELS survey
• The fraction of ionizing radiation from massive stars that escapes to the intergalactic medium
• The rich complexity of 21-cm fluctuations produced by the first stars
• Metallicity dependence of HMXB populations
• High-mass X-ray binaries in nearby metal-poor galaxies: on the contribution to nebular HeII emission
• Emulating the Global 21-cm Signal from Cosmic Dawn and Reionization
• Robust Velocity-induced Acoustic Oscillations at Cosmic Dawn
• Interpreting the Global 21-cm Signal from High Redshifts. II. Parameter Estimation for Models of Galaxy Formation
• Spectral and temporal properties of the ultra-luminous X-ray pulsar in M82 from 15 years of Chandra observations and analysis of the pulsed emission using NuSTAR
• Low Mass X-ray Binaries: The Effects of the Magnetic Braking Prescription
• The Epoch of IGM heating by early sources of X-rays
• A new radio census of neutron star X-ray binaries
• Imaging the redshifted 21-cm pattern around the first sources during the cosmic dawn using the SKA
• Results from EDGES High-Band: III. New Constraints on Parameters of the Early Universe
• The suppression of direct collapse black hole formation by soft X-ray irradiation
• Unique Signatures of Population III Stars in the Global 21-cm Signal
• The Fast Radio Burst FRB 20201124A in a star forming region: constraints to the progenitor and multiwavelength counterparts
• 21-cm signal from cosmic dawn - II: Imprints of the light-cone effects
• The Formation of Stellar Black Holes
• Spatially Resolving a Starburst Galaxy at Hard X-ray Energies: NuSTAR, Chandra, AND VLBA Observations of NGC 253
• maxsmooth: Rapid Maximally Smooth Function Fitting With Applications in Global 21-cm Cosmology
• Heating the IGM by X-rays from Population III Binaries in High Redshift Galaxies
• Astrophysical Constraints from the SARAS3 non-detection of the Cosmic Dawn Sky-Averaged 21-cm Signal
• The Early Growth of the First Black Holes
• The Chandra Deep Fields: Lifting the Veil on Distant Active Galactic Nuclei and X-Ray Emitting Galaxies
• Charting the Parameter Space of the 21-cm Power Spectrum
• The Hunt for Intermediate Mass Black Holes in the JWST Era
• An Effective Model for the Cosmic-Dawn 21-cm Signal
• On the Formation of Ultraluminous X-ray Sources with Neutron Star Accretors: the Case of M82 X-2
• Exploring the Overabundance of ULXs in Metal- and Dust-poor Local Lyman Break Analogs
• Large scale simulations of H and He reionization and heating driven by stars and more energetic sources
• The 21-cm BAO signature of enriched low-mass galaxies during cosmic reionization
• A tale of two sites -- II: Inferring the properties of minihalo-hosted galaxies with upcoming 21-cm interferometers
• Impact of the Primordial Stellar Initial Mass Function on the 21-cm Signal
• EMPRESS. II. Highly Fe-Enriched Metal-poor Galaxies with $\sim 1.0$ (Fe/O)${}_{\odot }$ and $0.02$ (O/H)${}_{\odot }$ : Possible Traces of Super Massive ($>300M_{\odot }$) Stars in Early Galaxies
• Revealing the relation between black-hole growth and host-galaxy compactness among star-forming galaxies
• The X-ray Luminosity Functions of Field Low Mass X-ray Binaries in Early-Type Galaxies: Evidence for a Stellar Age Dependence
• Connecting the metallicity dependence and redshift evolution of high-mass X-ray binaries
• Interpreting the Global 21-cm Signal from High Redshifts. I. Model Independent Constraints
• The MOSDEF Survey: The Metallicity Dependence of X-ray Binary Populations at $z\sim 2$
• The 21-cm Line as a Probe of Reionization
• X-ray Twinkles and Pop III Stars
• Ultra-Luminous X-ray Sources in Haro 11 and the Role of X-ray Binaries in Feedback in Lyman-alpha Emitting Galaxies
• On the Spatially Resolved Star-Formation History in M51 II: X-ray Binary Population Evolution
• Photometric identification and MMT spectroscopy of new extremely metal-poor galaxies: towards a better understanding of young stellar populations at low metallicity
• X-ray Binary Luminosity Function Scaling Relations in Elliptical Galaxies: Evidence for Globular Cluster Seeding of Low-Mass X-ray Binaries in Galactic Fields
• Spatially Extended 21 cm Signal from Strongly Clustered UV and X-Ray Sources in the Early Universe
• Reconstructing the nature of the first cosmic sources from the anisotropic 21-cm signal
• Constraining the X-ray heating and reionization using 21-cm power spectra with Marginal Neural Ratio Estimation
• 21-cm signature of the first sources in the Universe: Prospects of detection with SKA
• The Sources of Extreme Ultraviolet and Soft X-ray Backgrounds
• Elevated Hot Gas and High-Mass X-ray Binary Emission in Low Metallicity Galaxies: Implications for Nebular Ionization and Intergalactic Medium Heating in the Early Universe
• X-ray Background at High Redshifts from Pop III Remnants: Results from Pop III star formation rates in the Renaissance Simulations
• Formation Timescales for High-Mass X-ray Binaries in M33
• X-ray properties of He II 1640 emitting galaxies in VANDELS
• Does black-hole growth depend fundamentally on host-galaxy compactness?
• Stellar feedback from HMXBs in cosmological hydrodynamical simulations
• The Two-Dimensional Spatial Distributions of the Globular Clusters and Low-Mass X-Ray Binaries of NGC4649
• 21cm signal sensitivity to dark matter decay
• A deficit of ultraluminous X-ray sources in luminous infrared galaxies
• dart_board: Binary Population Synthesis with Markov Chain Monte Carlo
• The ultraluminous X-ray source bubble in NGC 5585
• Structure Formation and the Global 21-cm Signal in the Presence of Coulomb-like Dark Matter-Baryon Interactions
• Population III X-ray Binaries and their Impact on the Early Universe
• Calibrating X-ray binary luminosity functions via optical reconnaissance I. The case of M83
• The radial distribution of X-ray Binaries and Globular Clusters in NGC 4649 and their relation with the local stellar mass density
• On the contribution of active galactic nuclei to reionization (Research Note)
• 21cmfish: Fisher-matrix framework for fast parameter forecasts from the cosmic 21-cm signal
• Green Peas in X-rays
• X-ray luminosity function of high-mass X-ray binaries: Studying the signatures of different physical processes using detailed binary evolution calculations
• The X-Ray Luminosity Function of Ultra Luminous X-Ray Sources in Collisional Ring Galaxies
• Decomposition of galactic X-ray emission with Phox: Contributions from hot gas and XRBs
• Exploiting synergies between JWST and cosmic 21-cm observations to uncover star formation in the early Universe
• The importance of stochasticity in determining galaxy emissivities and UV LFs during cosmic dawn and reionization
• X-ray background and its correlation with the 21 cm signal
• Early-type galaxies in the Chandra COSMOS Survey
• Heating and Ionization of the Primordial Intergalactic Medium by High Mass X-ray Binaries
• A Chandra Virgo cluster survey of spiral galaxies. I. Introduction to the survey and a new ULX sample
• Investigating X-ray sources during the epoch of reionization with the 21 cm signal
• The imprint of the cosmic supermassive black hole growth history on the 21 cm background radiation
• Black Holes and Neutron Stars in Nearby Galaxies: Insights from NuSTAR
• Precise Measurement of the Reionization Optical Depth from The Global 21-cm Signal Accounting for Cosmic Heating
• Identification and Characterization of a Large Sample of Distant Active Dwarf Galaxies in XMM-SERVS
• The Stellar Age Dependence of X-ray Emission from Normal Star-Forming Galaxies in the GOODS Fields
• Cosmological implications of the composite spectra of galactic X-ray binaries constructed using MAXI data
• The spin-temperature dependence of the 21cm -- LAE cross-correlation
• Microquasars as heating sources of the intergalactic medium during reionisation of the Universe
• X-ray luminosity-star formation rate scaling relation: Constraints from the eROSITA Final Equatorial Depth Survey (eFEDS)
• Effects of Metallicity on High Mass X-ray Binary Formation
• The First Billion Years in Seconds: An Effective Model for the 21-cm Signal with Population III Stars
• The ionizing and heating power of ultraluminous X-ray sources under the geometrical beaming model
• Emulation of the Cosmic Dawn 21-cm Power Spectrum and Classification of Excess Radio Models Using an Artificial Neural Network
• The first all-sky survey of star-forming galaxies with eROSITA: Scaling relations and a population of X-ray luminous starbursts
• Metallicity and X-ray luminosity variations in NGC 922
• On the X-ray Spectral Energy Distributions of Star-Forming Galaxies: the 0.3-30 keV Spectrum of the Low-Metallicity Starburst Galaxy VV 114
• Distinguishing the impact and signature of black holes from different origins in early cosmic history
• Hidden AGNs in Early-Type Galaxies
• First Light II: Emission Line Extinction, Population III Stars, and X-ray Binaries
• The VANDELS Survey: New constraints on the high-mass X-ray binary populations in normal star-forming galaxies at 3 < z < 5.5
• The incidence of AGN in galaxies with different stellar population ages
• Quantiles as Robust Probes of Non-Gaussianity in 21-cm Images
• Improved upper limits on the 21-cm signal power spectrum at $z=17.0$ and $z=20.3$ from an optimal field observed with NenuFAR
• Bringing faint active galactic nuclei (AGNs) to light: a view from large-scale cosmological simulations
• X-rays from Green Pea Analogs
• Propeller states in locally super-critical ULXs
• Cosmic mysteries and the hydrogen 21-cm line: bridging the gap with lunar observations
• Preheating of the early Universe by radiation from high-mass X-ray binaries
• Effects of feedback-free starburst galaxies on the 21-cm signal and reionization history
• Maximal X-ray feedback in the pre-reionization universe
• GalaPy, the highly optimised C++/Python spectral modelling tool for galaxies -- I. Library presentation and photometric fitting
• Efficient simulation of discrete galaxy populations and associated radiation fields during the first billion years
• Exploring the nature of ultra-luminous X-ray sources across stellar population ages using detailed binary evolution calculations
• Accretion-Driven Sources in Spatially Resolved Ly$\alpha$ Emitters
• The impact of precession on the observed population of ULXs
• Black holes at cosmic dawn in the redshifted 21cm signal of HI
• Detecting galaxy-21-cm cross-correlation during reionization
• The mass distribution of the first stars can be determined via the 21-cm signal
• Obscured AGNs in Bulgeless Hosts discovered by WISE: The Case Study of SDSS J1224+5555
• Coronal Properties of Low-mass Population III Stars and the Radiative Feedback in the Early Universe
• The largest bright ULX population in a galaxy: X-ray variability and Luminosity Function in the Cartwheel ring Galaxy
• Rapid and Late Cosmic Reionization Driven by Massive Galaxies: a Joint Analysis of Constraints from 21-cm, Lyman Line & CMB Data Sets
• The High Energy X-ray Probe (HEX-P): Studying Extreme Accretion with Ultraluminous X-ray Sources
• Effects of chemically homogeneous evolution of the first stars on the 21-cm signal and reionization
• Skew spectrum and smoothed skewness of 21-cm signals from epoch of reionization
• The Large Deficit of HMXB Emission from Luminous Infrared Galaxies: the Case of the Circumnuclear Starburst Ring in NGC 7552
• Black Hole High Mass X-ray Binary Microquasars at Cosmic Dawn
• Globular cluster formation efficiencies from black-hole X-ray binary feedback
• Gas excitation in galaxies and active galactic nuclei with He IIλ4686 and X-ray emission
• Narrowing the discovery space of the cosmological 21-cm signal using multi-wavelength constraints
• Constraints on the number of X-ray Pulsars in IC 10 from a deep XMM-Newton Observation
• Galactic chimney sweeping: the effect of 'gradual' stellar feedback mechanisms on the evolution of dwarf galaxies
• Monitoring the X-ray Variability of Bright X-ray Sources in M33
• Ultraviolet photon production rates of the first stars: Impact on the He II $\lambda$ 1640 Å emission line from primordial star clusters and the 21-cm signal from cosmic dawn
• In Search of Global 21-cm Signal using Artificial Neural Network in light of ARCADE 2
• Star Formation for Predictive Primordial Galaxy Formation
• ECHO21: a tool for modelling global 21-cm signal from dark ages to reionization
• New insight on the far-UV SED and HeII emission from low metallicity galaxies
• Implications of the cosmological 21-cm absorption profile for high-redshift star formation and deep JWST surveys
• The black hole population in low-mass galaxies in large-scale cosmological simulations
• Cosmological bounds on dark matter annihilation using dark ages 21-cm signal
• The 21-cm signature of X-ray heated halos around galaxies during cosmic dawn
• The 21-cm signal from the Cosmic Dawn: metallicity dependence of high mass X-ray binaries