The Host-Galaxy Properties of Type 1 Versus Type 2 Active Galactic Nuclei

Abstract

The unified model of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) proposes that different AGN optical spectral types are caused by different viewing angles with respect to an obscuring 'torus'. Therefore, this model predicts that type 1 and type 2 AGNs should have similar host-galaxy properties. We investigate this prediction with 2463 X-ray selected AGNs in the COSMOS field. We divide our sample into type 1 and type 2 AGNs based on their spectra, morphologies, and variability. We derive their host-galaxy stellar masses ($M_{\star }$) through SED fitting, and find that the host $M_{\star }$ of type 1 AGNs tend to be slightly smaller than those of type 2 AGNs by $\Delta \overline{\log M_{\star }}\approx 0.2\mathrm{dex}$ ($\approx 4\sigma$ significance). Besides deriving star-formation rates (SFRs) from SED fitting, we also utilize far-infrared (FIR) photometry and a stacking method to obtain FIR-based SFRs. We find that the SFRs of type 1 and type 2 sources are similar once their redshifts and X-ray luminosities are controlled. We also investigate cosmic environment, and find that the surface number densities (sub-Mpc) and cosmic-web environments ($\approx 1\text{–}10$~Mpc) are similar for both populations. In summary, our analyses show that the host galaxies of type 1 and type 2 AGNs have similar SFR and cosmic environment in general, but the former tend to have lower $M_{\star }$ than the latter. The difference in $M_{\star }$ indicates that the AGN unification model is not strictly correct and both host galaxy and torus may contribute to the optical obscuration of AGNs.

arXiv comment16 pages, 10 figures; accepted for publication in ApJ

References in corpus (84)

• Stellar population synthesis at the resolution of 2003
• Star Formation in Galaxies Along the Hubble Sequence
• The Dust Content and Opacity of Actively Star-Forming Galaxies
• Unified Schemes for Radio-Loud Active Galactic Nuclei
• A Fundamental Relation Between Supermassive Black Holes and Their Host Galaxies
• Coevolution (Or Not) of Supermassive Black Holes and Host Galaxies
• The Demography of Massive Dark Objects in Galaxy Centres
• The Host Galaxies of AGN
• A Relationship Between Nuclear Black Hole Mass and Galaxy Velocity Dispersion
• Modeling feedback from stars and black holes in galaxy mergers
• Infrared Emission from Interstellar Dust. IV. The Silicate-Graphite-PAH Model in the Post-Spitzer Era
• A Unified, Merger-Driven Model for the Origin of Starbursts, Quasars, the Cosmic X-Ray Background, Supermassive Black Holes and Galaxy Spheroids
• The Relation between Black Hole Mass, Bulge Mass, and Near-Infrared Luminosity
• CIGALE: a python Code Investigating GALaxy Emission
• The Co-Evolution of Galaxies and Supermassive Black Holes: Insights from Surveys of the Contemporary Universe
• The COSMOS2015 Catalog: Exploring the 1<z<6 Universe with half a million galaxies
• Analysis of galaxy SEDs from far-UV to far-IR with CIGALE: Studying a SINGS test sample
• Revisiting the Unified Model of Active Galactic Nuclei
• The Galactic disk mass function: reconciliation of the HST and nearby determinations
• The First Release COSMOS Optical and Near-IR Data and Catalog
• The Herschel Multi-tiered Extragalactic Survey: HerMES
• The COSMOS Survey: Hubble Space Telescope / Advanced Camera for Surveys (HST/ACS) Observations and Data Processing
• Revisiting the Infrared Spectra of Active Galactic Nuclei with a New Torus Emission Model
• A Hubble Space Telescope Imaging Survey of Nearby Active Glactic Nuclei
• The Chandra COSMOS Legacy survey: overview and point source catalog
• PACS Evolutionary Probe (PEP) - A Herschel Key Program
• Obscured Active Galactic Nuclei
• The Chandra COSMOS Survey, I: Overview and Point Source Catalog
• Weak Gravitational Lensing with COSMOS: Galaxy Selection and Shape Measurements
• Photometric redshift and classification for the XMM-COSMOS sources
• Cosmic X-ray Surveys of Distant Active Galaxies: The Demographics, Physics, and Ecology of Growing Supermassive Black Holes
• The Chandra COSMOS Legacy survey: optical/IR identifications
• The incidence of obscuration in active galactic nuclei
• The Mean Star Formation Rate of X-ray selected Active Galaxies and its Evolution from z=2.5: Results from PEP-Herschel
• The XMM-Newton wide-field survey in the COSMOS field. The point-like X-ray source catalogue
• The XMM-Newton Wide-Field Survey in the COSMOS field (XMM-COSMOS): demography and multiwavelength properties of obscured and unobscured luminous AGN
• The evolution of the dust and gas content in galaxies
• Dissecting Photometric redshift for Active Galactic Nuclei using XMM- and Chandra-COSMOS samples
• The evolution of the dust temperatures of galaxies in the SFR$-M_{\ast }$ plane up to $z$$\sim$$2$
• Accreting SMBHs in the COSMOS field and the connection to their host galaxies
• Constraining the properties of AGN host galaxies with Spectral Energy Distribution modeling
• The Chandra COSMOS Survey: III. Optical and Infrared Identification of X-ray Point Sources
• A correlation between star formation rate and average black hole accretion in star forming galaxies
• A remarkably flat relationship between the average star formation rate and AGN luminosity for distant X-ray AGN
• The Constant Average Relationship between Dust-obscured Star Formation and Stellar Mass from $z=0$ to $z=2.5$
• GOODS-Herschel: Impact of Active Galactic Nuclei and Star Formation Activity on Infrared Spectral Energy Distributions at High Redshift
• The FMOS-COSMOS survey of star-forming galaxies at z~1.6 III. Survey design, performance, and sample characteristics
• The XMM-Newton Wide field survey in the COSMOS field: redshift evolution of AGN bias and subdominant role of mergers in triggering moderate luminosity AGN at redshift up to 2.2
• The evolutionary sequence of active galactic nuclei and galaxy formation revealed
• HELP: XID+, The Probabilistic De-blender for Herschel SPIRE maps
• A consistent measure of the merger histories of massive galaxies using close-pair statistics I: Major mergers at $z<3.5$
• Clustering of obscured and unobscured quasars in the Bootes field: Placing rapidly growing black holes in the cosmic web
• Linking black-hole growth with host galaxies: The accretion-stellar mass relation and its cosmic evolution
• The spatial clustering of X-ray selected AGN in the XMM-COSMOS field
• GOODS-Herschel: Ultra-deep XMM-Newton observations reveal AGN/star-formation connection
• The FMOS-COSMOS survey of star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 1.6$ VI: Redshift and emission-line catalog and basic properties of star-forming galaxies
• The XMM-SERVS survey: new XMM-Newton point-source catalog for the XMM-LSS field
• The mean star formation rates of unobscured QSOs: searching for evidence of suppressed or enhanced star formation
• AGN vs. host galaxy properties in the COSMOS field
• The Close Environment of Seyfert Galaxies and Its Implication for Unification Models
• Galaxy gas as obscurer: II. Separating the galaxy-scale and nuclear obscurers of Active Galactic Nuclei
• A direct measurement of the linear bias of mid-infrared-selected quasars at z~1 using cosmic microwave background lensing
• Black-Hole Growth is Mainly Linked to Host-Galaxy Stellar Mass rather than Star Formation Rate
• CIGALEMC: Galaxy Parameter Estimation using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo Approach with Cigale
• The Angular Clustering of WISE-Selected AGN: Different Haloes for Obscured and Unobscured AGN
• Submillimetre photometry of X-ray absorbed QSOs: their formation and evolutionary status
• The Angular Clustering of Infrared-Selected Obscured and Unobscured Quasars
• Evident black hole-bulge coevolution in the distant universe
• Local and Large scale Environment of Seyfert Galaxies
• The Swift/BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey -- IX. The Clustering Environments of an Unbiased Sample of Local AGN
• Obscuring Active Galactic Nuclei with Nuclear Starburst Disks
• Clustering properties of moderate luminosity X-ray selected Type 1 and Type 2 AGN at z~3
• Galaxy gas as obscurer: I. GRBs x-ray galaxies and find a N_H ~ M* relation
• The Chandra Deep Fields: Lifting the Veil on Distant Active Galactic Nuclei and X-Ray Emitting Galaxies
• Galaxy Formation as a Cosmological Tool. I: The Galaxy Merger History as a Measure of Cosmological Parameters
• The different neighbours around Type-1 and Type-2 active galactic nuclei
• Does black-hole growth depend on the cosmic environment?
• A Census of Broad-Line Active Galactic Nuclei in Nearby Galaxies: Coeval Star Formation and Rapid Black Hole Growth
• Dust attenuation up to z~2 in the AKARI North Ecliptic Pole Deep Field
• High-precision multi-band measurements of the angular clustering of X-ray sources
• Differences in Halo-Scale Environments between Type 1 and Type 2 AGNs at Low Redshift
• AGN and QSOs in the eROSITA All-Sky Survey -- Part II: The large-scale structure
• AGN luminosity and stellar age -- two missing ingredients for AGN unification as seen with iPTF supernovae
• Active Galaxy Nuclei at high redshifts: properties and environment of Type 1 and 2 AGNs

Cited by in corpus (36)

• X-CIGALE: fitting AGN/galaxy SEDs from X-ray to infrared
• The Interplay Between Star Formation and Black Hole Accretion in Nearby Active Galaxies
• Galaxy properties of type 1 and 2 X-ray selected AGN and comparison among different classification criteria
• Spectral Energy Distributions in Three Deep-Drilling Fields of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time: Source Classification and Galaxy Properties
• Polar dust obscuration in broad-line active galaxies from the XMM-XXL field
• Infrared Spectral Energy Distribution and Variability of Active Galactic Nuclei: Clues to the Structure of Circumnuclear Material
• The relation between AGN type and host galaxy properties
• Host galaxy properties of X-ray AGN in the Local Universe
• The role of AGN and its obscuration on the position of the host galaxy relative to Main Sequence
• Value Added Catalog of physical properties of more than 1.3 million galaxies from the DESI Survey
• Does black-hole growth depend fundamentally on host-galaxy compactness?
• XXL-HSC: The link between AGN activity and star formation in the Early Universe ($z⩾3.5$)
• Chandra reveals a luminous Compton-thick QSO powering a $Ly\alpha$ blob in a $z=4$ starbursting protocluster
• X-ray properties of dust-obscured galaxies with broad optical/UV emission lines
• Comparing the host galaxy ages of X-ray selected AGN in COSMOS: Obscured AGN are associated with older galaxies
• Genuine Retrieval of the AGN Host Stellar Population (GRAHSP)
• Oxygen abundances in the narrow line regions of Seyfert galaxies and the metallicity-luminosity relation
• Piercing through Highly Obscured and Compton-thick AGNs in the Chandra Deep Fields. II. Are Highly Obscured AGNs the Missing Link in the Merger-Triggered AGN-Galaxy Coevolution Models?
• Local Active Galactic Nuclei with Large Broad-Hα Variability Reside in Red Galaxies
• Host galaxy properties and environment of obscured and unobscured X-ray selected Active Galactic Nuclei in the COSMOS survey
• Host galaxy and orientation differences between AGN different types
• The Most Obscured AGNs in the XMM-SERVS Fields
• Physical properties of the CDFS X-ray sources through fitting spectral energy distributions
• Surveys of the Cosmic X-ray Background
• Systematic research of low redshift optically selected SDSS Type-2 AGN but with apparent long-term optical variabilities from Catalina Sky Survey, I: data sample and basic results
• A Fresh Look at AGN Spectral Energy Distribution Fitting with the XMM-SERVS AGN Sample
• The star-formation rates of QSOs
• Efficient Analysis Routines for Single and Double Peaked Type 2 AGN Spectra
• Extinction and AGN over host galaxy contrast effects on the optical spectroscopic classification of AGN
• Physical Models for the Clustering of Obscured and Unobscured Quasars
• A new approach to constraining properties of AGN host galaxies by combining image and SED decomposition: testing upon the MBH-M* relation
• The viewing angle in AGN SED models, a data-driven analysis
• Dark matter halos of luminous AGNs from galaxy-galaxy lensing with the HSC Subaru Strategic Program
• Obscured and unobscured X-ray AGNs I: Host galaxy properties
• BASS. XLIV. Morphological preferences of local hard X-ray selected AGN
• AGN obscuration in optical and X-rays: Host properties and the interplay of nuclear and galactic gas and dust in a combined SDSS-XMM sample