Galaxy properties of type 1 and 2 X-ray selected AGN and comparison among different classification criteria

Abstract

We present analyses of host galaxy properties of type 1 and type 2 X-ray selected AGNs in the XMM-XXL field, which have available optical spectroscopic classification. We model their optical to far-infrared spectral energy distributions (SEDs) using the X-CIGALE code. X-CIGALE allows the fitting of X-ray flux and accounts for the viewing angle of dusty torus and the attenuation from polar dust. By selecting matched type 1 and 2 subsamples in the X-ray luminosity and redshift parameter space, we find that both types live in galaxies with similar star formation. However, type 2 AGN tend to reside in more massive systems ($10.87_{-0.12}^{+0.06}{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$) compared to their type 1 counterparts ($10.57_{-0.12}^{+0.20}{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$). In the second part of our analysis, we compare the spectroscopic classification with that from the SED fitting. X-CIGALE successfully identifies all spectroscopic type 2 sources either by estimating an inclination angle that corresponds to edge on viewing of the source or by measuring increased polar dust in these systems. $\sim 85\%$ of spectroscopic type 1 AGN are also identified as such, based on the SED fitting analysis. There is a small number of sources ($\sim 15\%$ of the sample), that present broad lines in their spectra, but show strong indications of obscuration, based on SED analysis. These, could be systems that are viewed face on and have an extended dust component along the polar direction. The performance of X-CIGALE in classifying AGN is similar at low and high redshifts, under the condition that there is sufficient photometric coverage. Finally, usage of optical/mid-IR colour criteria to identify optical red AGN ($u-W3$), suggests that these criteria are better suited for IR selected AGN and their efficiency drops for the low to moderate luminosity sources included in X-ray samples.

arXiv commentA&A accepted

References in corpus (66)

• Stellar population synthesis at the resolution of 2003
• Galactic Stellar and Substellar Initial Mass Function
• The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE): Mission Description and Initial On-orbit Performance
• Unified Schemes for Radio-Loud Active Galactic Nuclei
• The Spitzer Space Telescope Mission
• A Simple Model for the Absorption of Starlight by Dust in Galaxies
• X-ray spectral modelling of the AGN obscuring region in the CDFS: Bayesian model selection and catalogue
• CIGALE: a python Code Investigating GALaxy Emission
• A Semi-Analytic Model for the Co-evolution of Galaxies, Black Holes, and Active Galactic Nuclei
• The Multi-Object, Fiber-Fed Spectrographs for SDSS and the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey
• Revisiting the Unified Model of Active Galactic Nuclei
• The Herschel view of the dominant mode of galaxy growth from z=4 to the present day
• Mid-Infrared Selection of AGN with the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer. I. Characterizing WISE-Selected AGN in COSMOS
• The Herschel Multi-tiered Extragalactic Survey: HerMES
• The WFCAM Science Archive
• Dust Emission from Active Galactic Nuclei
• The dust covering factor in active galactic nuclei
• The X-ray Properties of the Most-Luminous Quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• Three-dimensional radiative transfer modeling of AGN dusty tori as a clumpy two-phase medium
• A Two-Parameter Model for the Infrared/Submillimeter/Radio Spectral Energy Distributions of Galaxies and AGN
• Bayesian Estimation of Hardness Ratios: Modeling and Computations
• The incidence of obscuration in active galactic nuclei
• X-CIGALE: fitting AGN/galaxy SEDs from X-ray to infrared
• Cooling flows and quasars: different aspects of the same phenomenon? I. Concepts
• The XXL Survey: I. Scientific motivations - XMM-Newton observing plan - Follow-up observations and simulation programme
• Radiative Transfer Modeling of Three-Dimensional Clumpy AGN Tori and its Application to NGC 1068
• The VISTA Science Archive
• Three-dimensional radiative transfer models of clumpy tori in Seyfert galaxies
• Characterizing the Mid-IR Extragalactic Sky with WISE and SDSS
• Smooth and Clumpy Dust Distribution in AGN: a Direct Comparison of two Commonly Explored Infrared Emission Models
• The Nuclear Reddening Curve for Active Galactic Nuclei and the Shape of the Infra-Red to X-Ray Spectral Energy Distribution
• A large population of mid-infrared selected, obscured active galaxies in the Bootes field
• ALMA and Herschel reveal that X-ray selected AGN and main-sequence galaxies have different star formation rate distributions
• Clustering of obscured and unobscured quasars in the Bootes field: Placing rapidly growing black holes in the cosmic web
• HELP: modelling the spectral energy distributions of Herschel detected galaxies in the ELAIS N1 field
• A Spectroscopic Survey of X-ray Selected AGN in the Northern XMM-XXL Field
• AGN vs. host galaxy properties in the COSMOS field
• X-ray spectral properties of the AGN sample in the northern XMM-XXL field
• Cold dust and stellar emissions in dust-rich galaxies observed with ALMA: a challenge for SED-fitting techniques
• Long-Term X-ray Variability of Typical Active Galactic Nuclei in the Distant Universe
• Polar Dust, Nuclear Obscuration and IR SED Diversity in Type-1 AGNs
• The Host-Galaxy Properties of Type 1 Versus Type 2 Active Galactic Nuclei
• The X-ray emission of z>2.5 active galactic nuclei can be obscured by their host galaxies
• Galaxy gas as obscurer: I. GRBs x-ray galaxies and find a N_H ~ M* relation
• A Connection between Obscuration and Star Formation in Luminous Quasars
• Disentangling the AGN and Star-Formation connection using XMM-Newton
• Composite Spectral Energy Distributions and Infrared-Optical Colors of Type 1 and Type 2 Quasars
• Systematic Study of AGN Clumpy Tori with Broadband X-ray Spectroscopy: Updated Unified Picture of AGN Structure
• Piercing Through Highly Obscured and Compton-thick AGNs in the Chandra Deep Fields: I. X-ray Spectral and Long-term Variability Analyses
• X-ray flux in the SED modelling: An application of X-CIGALE in the XMM-XXL field
• An obscured AGN population hidden in the VIPERS galaxies: identification through spectral energy distribution decomposition
• The XMM large scale structure survey: optical vs. X-ray classifications of active galactic nuclei and the unified scheme
• The relation between AGN type and host galaxy properties
• The dust-gas AGN torus as constrained from X-ray and mid-infrared observations
• Inferring a difference in the star-forming properties of lower versus higher X-ray luminosity AGNs
• Identification of galaxies that experienced a recent major drop of star formation
• On R-W1 as A Diagnostic to Discover Obscured Active Galactic Nuclei in Wide-Area X-ray Surveys
• The OPTX Project III: X-ray versus Optical Spectral Type for AGNs
• The clustering amplitude of X-ray selected AGN at z=0.8: Evidence for a negative dependence on accretion luminosity
• The dependence of the X-ray AGN clustering on the properties of the host galaxy
• X-ray absorption in INTEGRAL AGN: Host galaxy inclination
• Probing AGN Inner Structure with X-ray Obscured Type 1 AGN
• Forward modeling the multiwavelength properties of Active Galactic Nuclei: application to X-ray and WISE mid-infrared samples
• The $XXL$ survey: XL. Obscuration properties of red AGN in $XXL-N$
• Obscuration properties of mid-IR selected AGN
• Clustering, Cosmology and a New Era of Black Hole Demographics -- II. The Conditional Luminosity Functions of Type 2 and Type 1 Active Galactic Nuclei

Cited by in corpus (34)

• Fitting AGN/galaxy X-ray-to-radio SEDs with CIGALE and improvement of the code
• Spectral Energy Distributions in Three Deep-Drilling Fields of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time: Source Classification and Galaxy Properties
• Polar dust obscuration in broad-line active galaxies from the XMM-XXL field
• Dwarf AGNs from Optical Variability for the Origins of Seeds (DAVOS): Insights from the Dark Energy Survey Deep Fields
• Host galaxy properties of X-ray AGN in the Local Universe
• Star formation of X-ray AGN in COSMOS: The role of AGN activity and galaxy stellar mass
• Value Added Catalog of physical properties of more than 1.3 million galaxies from the DESI Survey
• The demographics of obscured AGN from X-ray spectroscopy guided by multiwavelength information
• XXL-HSC: The link between AGN activity and star formation in the Early Universe ($z⩾3.5$)
• The miniJPAS survey: AGN & host galaxy co-evolution of X-ray selected sources
• Genuine Retrieval of the AGN Host Stellar Population (GRAHSP)
• Comparing the host galaxy ages of X-ray selected AGN in COSMOS: Obscured AGN are associated with older galaxies
• Accretion properties of X-ray AGN: Evidence for radiation-regulated obscuration with redshift-dependent host galaxy contribution
• Testing the evolutionary pathways of galaxies and their supermassive black holes and the impact of feedback from Active Galactic Nuclei via large multiwavelength datasets
• The link between star-formation and supermassive black hole properties
• Probing star formation rates and histories in AGN and non-AGN galaxies across diverse cosmic environments and extensive X-ray luminosity ranges
• Surveys of the Cosmic X-ray Background
• A Fresh Look at AGN Spectral Energy Distribution Fitting with the XMM-SERVS AGN Sample
• AGN populations in the local universe: their alignment with the main-sequence, characteristics of their stellar populations, accretion efficiency, and the impact of AGN feedback
• HYPERION: broad-band X-ray-to-near-infrared emission of Quasars in the first billion years of the Universe
• The distribution of radio quiet active galactic nuclei in the star formation-stellar mass plane
• Beyond Traditional Diagnostics: Identifying Active Galactic Nuclei with Spectral Energy Distribution Fitting in DESI Data
• Extinction and AGN over host galaxy contrast effects on the optical spectroscopic classification of AGN
• Large-scale clustering of buried X-ray AGN: Trends in AGN obscuration and redshift evolution
• The incidence of X-ray AGN and non-AGN galaxies in the far-infrared: insights into host galaxy properties and AGN obscuration
• AGN feeding along a one-armed spiral in NGC 4593: A study using ALMA CO(2-1) observations
• Peculiar black hole accretion rates in AGN with highest star formation rates in the universe
• BASS. XLIV. Morphological preferences of local hard X-ray selected AGN
• The major merger-active galactic nucleus connection up to the cosmic noon
• Large-scale environments of star-forming active galactic nuclei: How black hole mass, accretion rate, and luminosity connect to dark matter halos
• AGN obscuration in optical and X-rays: Host properties and the interplay of nuclear and galactic gas and dust in a combined SDSS-XMM sample
• Fueling, Evolution, and Diversity of AGN in Dwarf Galaxies: Insights from Star Formation and Black Hole Scaling Relations
• Black hole mass, host galaxy mass, and dark matter halos: Testing the environmental connection
• Identification of high-redshift X-ray active galactic nuclei in the 4XMM-DR11 serendipitous catalogue using DES data: Comparative analysis with optically-selected QSOs