Black hole mass, host galaxy mass, and dark matter halos: Testing the environmental connection

Abstract

We investigate the connection between supermassive black holes (SMBHs), their host galaxies, and large-scale dark-matter halos using broad-line X-ray AGN from the XMM--XXL and Stripe\,82X surveys, together with galaxies from VIPERS and SDSS/Stripe\,82. Building on the homogeneous host-galaxy catalogue presented in Paper~I, we test whether AGN with a given black-hole mass, $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$, inhabit different large-scale environments from non-AGN galaxies with similar host properties. We first examine the empirical $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$--$M_{\star }$ relation of the AGN sample. We find a shallow trend with substantial scatter, likely driven by flux-limited selection effects and uncertainties in virial black-hole mass estimates. The ratio $M_{\mathrm{BH}}/M_{\star }$ decreases with increasing stellar mass, and AGN lying above and below the empirical relation show different median host properties, consistent with non-synchronous SMBH and stellar growth. We then divide the AGN into two black-hole mass bins, $8.0\le \log (M_{\mathrm{BH}}/M_{\odot })<8.5$ and $8.5\le \log (M_{\mathrm{BH}}/M_{\odot })<9.0$, and construct galaxy control samples matched in $M_{\star }$, SFR, and sSFR using a multivariate nearest-neighbour method. From AGN--galaxy cross-correlation functions, we infer the characteristic halo masses of AGN and matched galaxies. In the lower-$M_{\mathrm{BH}}$ bin, AGN occupy halos statistically indistinguishable from those of their controls. In the higher-$M_{\mathrm{BH}}$ bin, we find a mild indication that AGN may reside in somewhat more massive halos, with a difference of about 0.4 dex, although still consistent within the uncertainties. If confirmed with larger samples, this would suggest that halo-scale processes become important mainly at the highest $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$.

A&A accepted for publication, 10 pages, 4 figures, 3 tables, the abstract has been abridged

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